Final Flashcards
The organism causing overeating disease is an
Anaerobic organism
A 20 lb lamb is born and slow to nurse. In the first 12-24 hours, how many pounds of colostrum are given?
1 lb of colostrum
(5% of body weight)
Hairy sharks results from a Protozoa infection and results in lambs born with hairy coat and a nervous condition
False, viral infection
Which is not a zoonotic disease
Brucellosis
Tetanus
toxoplasmosis
Contagious ecthyma
Tetanus
Glucouria is a pathognomic sign for what disease in lambs
Enterotoxemia
Nutritional muscular dystrophy is a deficiency of
vitamins E and Selenium
When lambing pens are too small, the incidence of trauma increases
True
Respiratory disease is one of the top 2 causes of economic loss in sheep of an age
True
Sharing, clutching, and tagging pregnant ewes will prevent e Coli scours
False, decreases incidence
If lambs are born with inherited entropion, both parents have at least one gene for the condition
True
Name 3 different methods to fix entropion in new born lambs
Create a cut below the eye with no stitch
Inject with mineral oil
Pinch and rubber band
Why is pasterulla hemolytica a common isolate from baby lambs with pneumonia
Naturally occurs in ewes nose, so they contract when too curious and lack ewe nose without having immunity yet
Ending -Emia means
Bloodstream
-enero means
Intestines
Name two management strategies to decrease naval ill in lambs
Dip naval in 0.5-1% iodine after birth
Ensure there is clean environment
What medical condition can cause entropion in adult sheep
Dehydration
Name two findings on necropsy that supports a neonatal lamb dying if starvation
Empty stomach and intestines
No internal fat on kidneys or heart
Another name for tetanus is lockjaw. Explain how his name arose
Due to Clostridium tetanus bacterial toxin causing facial paresis, and it get absorbed by peripheral nerves and into CNS
What typ of procedural process treating lambs results in an increase in tetanus infections?
Banding procedures
What is the most important non-infectious cause of death in baby lambs
Starvation
The producer exclaimed, when this lamb is born and lives, it will be worth $20000. How ca i provide this lamb the best possible colostrum
The ewe should be middle aged so she will have a greater antibody pool from more boosters. Give colostrum via tube so lamb can get passive immunity, and any boosters should be given at least 4 weeks before lamb is born
A QQ ram will get scrapie and is thus not worth very much money
False, he could get if came into contact
Scrapie in sheep has a viral etiology
False,
Lambs diagnosed with ovine, progressive pneumonia will respond to appropriate antibotic therapy
False
Scrapie in sheep is a similar disease to
Kuru in Papua New Guinea in humans
Transmissible mink encephalopathy
Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer and elk
All of the above
The etiology of caseous lymphadenopathy is a bacteria, so appropriate antibiotic therapy is curative
False, untreatable
Mastitis in sheep is more difficult to treat than mastitis in the cow
True
Which disease is not zoonotic
Lepto
Brucellosis
Salnellosis
Toxoplasmosis
All of the above
Grain overload/ founder results in acidic pH of the rumen
True
Which statement is not true about polioenecphalomalacia
Can cause star gazers
Can be caused by increased consumption of brackenfern plant
Is a disease of the peripheral nervous system
Can cause blindness
Is a disease of the peripheral nervous system, actually CNS
Polioencephalomalacia is a nutrional disease
True, vitamin B deficiency
Name the big 3 disease that cause abortions in ewes
Vibriosis
Toxoplasmosis
Chlamydiosis
Jaundice
Yellowing of mucous membranes that could indicate liver disease
What is the pathognomic sign of enterotoxemia
High urine glucose
What is the significance of scrapie tag?
Allows tracing back to farm/ flock of origin
Lambs were born with deformities that included long and bent legs, curved and twisted spines, flatted rib cages, abnormally long necks, and splayed eggs. This disease is
Spider Lamb Syndrome
The fact that we are seeing spider lambs in other purebred breeds indicates what
That sheep with spider lamb syndrome (as carrier) were cross bred into herds, which produced carriers in the herd. As they are bred more it will lead to lambs getting homozygous Q, which will make them more susceptible to disease if thy come into contact with it.
The technical name for circling disease in sheep is
Listeriosis
Name 3 ways to prevent Salmonellosis
Good sanitation
Isolate sick ewes
Don’t feed on ground
When we are surgically treating sheep with caseous lymphadenitis, how do we mature an abscess
When feeling it, if it is hard you can use a heat pack to mature it
Why are ewes with pregnancy toxemia anorexic
Ewes with ketosis have a negative energy balance, and the lambs may take up a lot of space and push on the rumen, which gives the ewe the sensation that she is full
SPF means swine which are free from virus pig pnemonia, infectious atrophic rhinitis, external parasites, vibrio Coli dysentery and any other disease or condition spread by indirect contact
True
Vaccines never provide complete protection against disease
True
All same aged pigs should be kept together
False, by size
Which health practice is most important in controlling swine disease?
Proper temperature regulation
Good nutrition
Good ventilation
Superior sanitation
All of the above
Routine slaughter checked of at least __ of a production group of market-sized hogs by a vet will provide considerable herd health information to the producer
20%
Atrophic rhinitis, a bacterial infection, exists in almost every commercial herd to some degree
True
Oral iron is an acceptable method to control and eliminate baby pig anemia
False
PRRS is an economically important swine herd disease that is being controlled and prevented by a vaccination
False
Periparturent hypogalactia syndrome in gilts/sows has high morbidity and high mortality
False, low mortality
Routes of sow immunization via vaccines may be given orally
True
Name the 4 most prevalent types of leptospirosis in swine
L. Pomona
L. Grippotyphosa
L. Canicola
L. Icterohaemorrghagiae
what does SMEDI syndrome stand for
Still birth, mummified, emborync death and infertility
If SPF pigs have no disease, why are SPF owners so worried and paranoid
They have no immunity because of no diseases
When is the idea time to give breeding gilts leptopar
2 doses around 3weeks apart, with 2nd dose being no less than 3 weeks before breeding
what is the name of the disease in swine caused by an epicellular blood parasite that results in no estrus, infertility, abortion, agalactia and weak, anemic pigs?
Epertheozoonosis
A boar just getting over swine flue and 106 degree fever have no live sperm on 3 consecutive ejaclations. When would you recommend re-evaluating his sperm next
2 months
What causes the thumps or labored breathing in baby pigs
Acute anemia, caused by plasmid movement of diaphragm
Discuss 4 possible treatments for periparturient hypogalactia syndrome
Oxytocin to let down milk already made
Tranquilizer (beer or wine) to calm down sow and produce milk
Antibotic therapy
Banamine removes endotoxins
What type of cell does the arterivirus affect
Macrophages in lung
A vet arrives on a farrow to finish hig operation, write down traffic flow
Farrowing-> nursery-> finishing->rebreeding-> gestation
PED is a zoonotic, coronavirus infection of pigs causing. Severe diarrhea
False, not zoonotic
Fomites are an important cause of spread of swine dysentery
True
Trichinosis is caused by a
Worm
Streptococcus suis is the most common cause of meningitis in pigs and i is also zoonotic, causing a flu-like symptom which results in permanent hearing loss
True
There are federally licensed and approved coccisostats for swine, but no coccidial drugs available
False
Toxoplasmosis is easily killed by cooking, freezing, or irradiation
True
There are more than 2000 species of Salmonella that have been typed
True
TGE has a specific affinity for SI cells. The virus multiplies and the cells explode resulting in severe villi atrophy which decrease absorption and digestion
True
This disease favors winter conditions as the organism survives freezing well
TGE
Newborn pigs had yellow to light green fluid feces. The vet started to look ath the fecal but said this isn’t needed the pigs have coccidiosis
False
A pen of #150 pigs had a fever of 106F, anorexic, lethargic, coughing,, bleeding from the nostrils, and abdominal thumping. After dying, ,necropsy revealed lung adhesions. These pigs most likely did of what
Porcine pleuropneumonia
ELISA stands for
Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay
these nursery pigs have black lines under their eyes and are sneezing. They are showing signs of what disease
Atrophic rhinitis
This litter of pigs ha high fevers (106 F), were stiff, lame, goose stepping and walking on eggshells. Several swollen joints were tapped and sent into the diagnostic lab. the diagnosis was
erysipelas
sentienel animal
Animal placed in herd that has never been vaccinated for disease you are monitoring for. They are regularly blood tested for the disease to see if they have any antibodies present. If they do, the disease is still present on the farm and in the herd
What is a synergistic drug and given an example
A chemical agent given with another drug and it enhances the effect of both dugs making sum of effects better than addition if each drug was used by itself
Tylan 200
The 2 most common etiologies causes of Salmonella in pigs are
Choleraesuis
Typhimurium
Name 2 diseases where pigs vomiting would be a clinical sign
TGE
Psuedorabies
Give 3 treatments for newborn pigs with TGE
Give fluids
Planned infection
Increase temp to >90F
The baby pigs had passed large amounts of yellow liquid feces resulting in dehydration and death. Necropsy revealed edema of eyelids, wall of stomach/ intestine and brain. The vet determined the pig died of
Colibacillosis
Internal parasites
Compete directly for food and thus reduce growth rate and feed efficiency
Roundworms
All dewormers effective , however most common parasite
Largest worm infecting pigs in US 12 inches in length and diameter of pencil
Female ascarid can produce 1 million eggs per day which pass out in feces. Thick, round eggs very resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Eggs require ~4 weeks to develop to infectious stage
Pigs infected by ingestion of infected eggs which hatch in SI releasing larvae which penetrate the intestinal wall. Then enter circulatory system and migrate to liver, then reenter circulatory and migrate to lungs. Then enter trachea, coughed up and swallowed, then once in SI they develop in adult worms, start to lay eggs in ~6-8 weeks
Heavy infection will cause severe scarring of liver, pneumonia and coughing
Nodular worms
Common in adult pigs, 1/2 in long found in large intestine
Eggs passed in feces, hatch and develop into infective larvae in about 1 week and can survive 12 months in certain areas
Infected larvae ingested and penetrate mucosa of large intestine nodules. After 1 week, they reenter the lumen of L.I, develop into adults and begin laying eggs in~5 weeks
Not a huge problem in swine, severe infections cause weight loss and nodules can interfere with absorption
Whipworm
Throughout entire US, ~2in long found in large intestine
Football shaped eggs passed in feces and infective in ~3 weeks. They are ingested, hatched, and penetrate intestinal wall were remain for 2 weeks. They reenter cecum and LI in 3rd week and develop into adults
Large infections cause inflammation and result in diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia, and even death. Primarily effects young animals
Eggs can remain viable in environment for up to 6 years
Threadworms
<1/4 long and embedded in surface of SI, mst commonly found in warmer climates
Eggs passes in feces, hatch, develop iOS infective larvae and cause infection by penetration of skin or oral mucosa. Enter circulation, end up in lungs, coughed up and swallowed and locate in either intestine or mammary glands. They become active in lactating sow and infect nursing pigs let’s via colostrum
Heavy infestations can cause serious inflammation and diarrhea epescially during first 14 days. Mortality can reach 75% and survivors stunted and poor feed utilizers
Stomach worms
3/8 in long, red color due to ingested blood
Found primarily on swine in pasture
Eggs passed in feces develop to infected larvae in ~1 week. After ingestion, larvae enters mucosa, emerge ~2 weeks and develop into egg-laying adults 3 weeks post infection
Large infections cause anemia and stomach inflammation
Lungworms
Midwest and southeast, require an earthworm intermediate host to compete their life cycle. 2 in long and adults lie in bronchi and bronchioles
Eggs coughed up, swallowed, passed in feces. Earthworm must ingest them for development to continue
Pig ingested infective earthworm, larvae is freed upon digestion and enters lymphatics where it migrates to the right part of heart and lungs. Adults occlude in airways
Lungworm infection predisposes animal to respiratory infections due to influenza, mycoplasma, bacteria
Incidence decreased with inside pig production
Kidney worms
Southeastern and lower Midwest, 1-1 1/2 in long
Usually lie encysted in pairs along ureters leading from the kidney to bladder
Adult females lay eggs through openings into ureters and passed out through urine. Eggs develop on ground, hatch and become infective larvae in ~1 week. Infection is via penetration or ingestion. Larvae enter lymph nodes and then move to liver in about 10-32 days. They remain in liver and migrate and develop for several months
Major source of liver condemnation, eventually larvae leave liver and travel to kidney region and become sexually mature
9-16 moths after infection before egg production occurs
Coccidia
Important disease in nursing pigs raised inside (5-15 days)
Protozoa= single called parasite
Yellowish diarrhea (watery fluid), pigs keep nursing but become dehydrated and debilitated
Sanitation is key to controlling
Trichinella spiralis
Tiny parasitic worm
Zoonotic
Encysted in muscle tissue
Spread when consumption of undercooked pork occurs
Parasite control program
Worm infections occur in 80-90% of swine herd
To effectively reduce, use effective women’s, have pigs to good plane of nutrition, and practice strict sanitation measures
Knowledge of life cycles helps in planning appropriate control methods
Periodic stool checks enable us to monitor herd worm load
Carcass and visceral checks of slaughter pigs can be very useful tool in identifying parasite problems
Dewormers
No single dewormer is effective against everything
Chose one effective against worms present and give at proper time for maximum effect
Method of delivery and cost should be considered for best economic results
Ivermectin is only dewormer effective against ectoparasites, 10-14 prior to farrowing prevents mange in baby pigs and prevents transmission of threadworms via colostrum
Deworm before going into farrowing
Cortisol levels will be high when in gestation and parasites move around more
Hog lice
Haemotopinus suis
Hog mange mite
Sarcoptes scabiei
Life cycle of hog lice
Small (1/4) in, bloodsucking insects that cling to hair of neck, ears, and folds of skin
Species specific
Can survive off pigs for up to 3 days
Cycle takes ~30 days to complete, adult life span= 35 days
Females lay ~4 eggs daily for 25 days, these eggs (nits) are attached to hair shaft as nymphs. They undergo 3 stages before becoming adults, lice do not burrow
Mild infestations cause no clinical manifestations. Continuous sucking of blood and lymph causes skin irritation resulting in purities. Consequently, pigs are restless, anemic, and have decreased feed utilization and poor growth rates
Life cycle of mange mites
Species specific
Mites burro into epidermis
Total life cycle takes 8-25 to complete
Adult female mates close to skin surface and begins new tunnels for their young
Female lays 1-5 eggs daily for ~14 day. These eggs hatch in tunnels in 3-20 days and mature into adults in 5 days. The female dies 30 days after reaching maturity
Most infestations begin on inner side of ear and spread over head, neck, and across body. Hyperkeratosis and intense purities quickly follow
Problem magnifies during winter bc pigs closer together
Transmits via pig to pig contact
External parasite treatments
Use sprays, dips, or injectable
Use bio security then treat for both internal and external parasites
Sows should be treated prior to farrowing to prevent baby pig contamination. Treat boars 4-6 Times a year
Recheck 30 days post treatment, make sure animals are clean. Those that are not should be retreat, rechecked after another 30 days if still infected cull
Treat all swine on farm and repeat treatment 3 weeks later because wont kill eggs
Ivermectin injectable is great choice, repeat treatment in 2 weeks
