Quiz 1 Flashcards
antigens
foreign object to host, initiate immune response
-usually protein, anytime new experience
-could be nonliving (pollen, dust)
-challenges immune system
virus ex
rabies
bacteria ex
lepto
fungus ex
ringworm
protozoa ex
single cell parasites (crypto, toxoplasmosis)
parasites ex
tape worm, round worm, hook worm
bacterial spores are
very resistant
zoonotic disease
spread between species
-ex: mad cow, sore mouth, crypto, rabies
animal getting sick depends on
nutrition
stress levels
how much immunity had
how transmissible disease is
reservoir
natural habitat of causative agent, where disease originates
carrier
living animal carrying disease to other animals
-shed organism that causes disease
source
where disease is coming from, water/ food related
latent carrier
may shed organisms intermittently in a cyclic manner
transmissibility
ability of disease to spread to other susceptible animal
clinical carrier
look sick and pass to others
asymptomatic carrier
aren’t sick and pass to others
direct contact transmission
involves direct physical contact to spread disease
within 3 ft
-venereal
-bite
-aerosol droplets
vehicle/ indirect transmission
over 3 ft away
spread through inanimate object (fomite)
-hands, coveralls, boots, water tank
common source transmisison
simultaneous exposure to a # of individuals to an infectious agent
transmission based on water supply, silage, hay
airborne transmisison
spread by wind/ birds
spores, resistant microorganisms
vector borne transmission
usually arthropod (flea, ticks)
flies (pinkeye, indirect), mosquito (heartworm, direct)
aerosol
cough/ sneeze
can be direct or indirect
sterilization
process of destroying microbes completely by chemical/ physical means
an absolute condition
disinfection
destruction of most microorganisms
surgery table, chemical means on inanimate object
antisepsis
destruction of microbes on the skin, form of disinfection
sanitation
destruction of bacterial #’s to safe level
physical agents
steam under pressure is more efficient process to eliminate microbes
-121 degrees C at 15#/in squared for 15 minutes
vaccination
injection of vaccine for the purpose of inducing immunity
-antigen vs antibody
virulence
the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism
how much disease it can produce
antibodies
consist of special proteins, the immunoglobulins, whose production is stimulated by the presence of a specific antigen
function is to neutralize the antigens by combining with them
how long it takes body to produce enough antibodies to affect course of infection
2 weeks
anamnestic response
immunological memory of antigen persists forever
antibody response may occur in 1-2 days and in increase quantity
memory of antigen and secondary response account for great value of vaccination procedures
ideal vaccine properties/ qualities
-produce an immune response at least as good as or better than recovery of natural infection
-stable and keeps well
-easy to administer
-produce no reactions at inoculation site
-protect high proportion of vaccinated animals
-unaffected by presence of maternal antibodies
-compatible with other vaccines
-single dosed, life-long protection
-not spread to other animals
-fast acting immunity
-inexpensive
ideal vaccine examples
polio
measels
mumps
tetanus (10 year booster)
T-lymphocytes
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
primary importance is to mount a fast response to vaccination booster or to exposure to a disease agent
important in regards to viruses, neoplastic cells, and physiologic integrity of the body
B- lymphocytes
associated with antibody formation
primary importance is that it is responsible for humoral immunity, which is chiefly effective in dealing with bacteria, large parasites, and toxins
-second level of defense
live vaccination
giving animal the disease
advantage: excellent protection
disadvantage: may kill susceptible animal, produce carriers, spread to unprotected animals, danger to veterinarians and handlers
ex: pseudorabies, hog cholora vacc
modified live vaccination
weakened through prolonged tissue culturing, this chemically alters antigen so it doesn’t cause physical disease
advantage: good immunity that is long lasting, fast immunity
disadvantage: may produce increased side effects, mutant reversion
still a live vaccine
killed vaccine
administering whole, dead organisms that stimulate immunity
advantages: safe, few side effects
disadvantages: lower effectiveness, short term protection
used in pregnant animals
infectious
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body tissue resulting in injury, disease, etc
change in lifestyle/eating/energy
contagious
disease that can be transmitted form one animal to another
animal immune system and response depends on
-possession of correct genetic information for recognizing and responding to an antigen
-balanced participation of all components of the system
-effective regulatory mechanisms for controlling the response. external factors: drugs, nutrition, age etc
immunity
ability of animal to resist infections/ challenges
not absolute, varying degrees
natural immunity
genetically determined resistance present at birth
natural barriers-> skin, secretions, and stomach acid
acquired immunity
provided by actions of certain classes of WBC (lymphocytes)
occurs post exposure (bacteria, virus, parasites)
stimulation of immunity depends on
degree of encounter
small dose antigen
passive immunity
keeps in check while active immunity builds
large overwhelming dose of antigen
clinical disease
factors that inhibit immune function
temperature-decrease cholostral consumption and cold inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages
behavior and social stress- weaning, mixing pigs & physical restraint decrease the immune system an increase cortisol
nutrition- especially deficiencies (Vitamin E/ Selenium) improves humoral response to a challenge
mycotoxin- contaminated feeds decrease immunity
ammonia- increased production of mucous, cilia become impaired, paralyze immune system function
diseases- viral etc
4 basic immune system disorders
immunodeficiencies
hypersensitivity reactions
autoimmune disorders
neoplasia in the immune system
immunodeficiencies
most common form is the failure of a newborn to absorb colostrum. lack of passive transfer occurs increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections
-as time increases, absorption of immunoglobulins decreases. after 36 hours, treatment involves IV serum
primary immunodeficiencies
difficult to treat
only treat through IV colostrum
secondary immunodeficiencies
more common, external factors such as vita deficiency, viral infection, or pregnancy decreases the function of the immune system
-treatable if disease not there to suppress the immune system
hypersensitivity reactions
excessive or inappropriate response to an antigen creates this condition
ex: inhalant/ drug allergy, polyarthritis, insect bite
hypersensitivity reactions treatment
remove causative agent, alleviate symptoms with immunosuppressive drug
autoimmune disorder
specific immunologic reactivity against self tissue antigens not seen often in food animals
-doesn’t recognize own antigens and attacks
could be from short lifetime, hard to diagnose
neoplasia in the immune system
malignant transformation occurs at all stages of cell maturation
-most transformed cells function abnormally
-food animals develop leukemias and sarcomas
why tumor cells cause immunosuppresion
-produce factors that decrease proliferation and differentiation of cells
- release substances that cause a negative feedback, turning off reactive cells
-crowd out normal cells by replacing them in bone marrow
why vaccinate livestock
protect breeding stock from disease
protect offspring from disease
establish basal immunity for post maternal protection
basal immunity
should be established prior to transportation, if can’t be done vaccinate asap to produce rapid onset of protection
-outbreaks could still occur before vaccination immunity established
vaccines and vaccine programs
play an important role in decreasing economic losses resulting from infectious diseases
put animals in healthiest position we can
basic principles of immunoprophylaxis
-immunization practiced to prevent disease
-vaccines induce immunity against specific agents
-different types of vaccines do not all produce the same degree or duration of protection because of antigens contained and type of immunity they evoke
-immunosuppressed animals cannot be expected to receive the full benefit of vaccination
a) disease
b) severe parasitism
c) extreme physiologic stress
-all vaccines contain biologic ingredients that can be rendered nonimmunogenic by careless/ improper storage, handling, mixing or administration
goal of herd health program
maintain and improve a profit margin
good record analysis of records are essential
production goals
12 month calving interval
95% weaned calf crop
60 day calving season
weaning weights=40% of the mothers normal weight
preweaning death loss <2%
postweaning death loss <1%
annual cow death loss <0.5%
ongoing reduction of losses from disease
12 month calving interval
half calf every year at same time
95% weaned calf crop
low calf loss
60 day calving season
60 days between first and last calving
preweaning death loss <2%
not during birth, time from standing to wean
selection of bulls
1:25 bull to cow ratio
introduce only virgin bulls
don’t buy problems (see, eat, walk, mount)
testicles: measure size and check for inflammation/ lesions
should pass breeding soundness exam
conformation, pedigree, and price
BSE
breeding soundness exam
P.E, internal exam, semen collection and evaluation
female replacement program
reproductive efficiency (breed and conceive easily)
disease resistance
feed conversion efficiency
records of cows performance is important
identification of cow and calf
daily surveillance is necessary
width of pin bones related to pelvic diameter
conformation related to longevity of herf
immunization program
BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV, pasturella, haemophilus, brucellosis, lepto and clostridium, internal and external parasites
BVD
bovine viral diarrhea
IBR
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
PI3
parainfluenza virus
BRSV
bovine respiratory syncitial virus
brucellosis vaccine
live vaccine
zoonotic disease
only for heifer
leptospirosis
causes flu like symptoms
-spread through urine
-zoonotic
