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Large Animal Med > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

antigens

A

foreign object to host, initiate immune response
-usually protein, anytime new experience
-could be nonliving (pollen, dust)
-challenges immune system

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2
Q

virus ex

A

rabies

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3
Q

bacteria ex

A

lepto

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4
Q

fungus ex

A

ringworm

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5
Q

protozoa ex

A

single cell parasites (crypto, toxoplasmosis)

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6
Q

parasites ex

A

tape worm, round worm, hook worm

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7
Q

bacterial spores are

A

very resistant

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8
Q

zoonotic disease

A

spread between species
-ex: mad cow, sore mouth, crypto, rabies

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9
Q

animal getting sick depends on

A

nutrition
stress levels
how much immunity had
how transmissible disease is

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10
Q

reservoir

A

natural habitat of causative agent, where disease originates

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11
Q

carrier

A

living animal carrying disease to other animals
-shed organism that causes disease

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12
Q

source

A

where disease is coming from, water/ food related

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13
Q

latent carrier

A

may shed organisms intermittently in a cyclic manner

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14
Q

transmissibility

A

ability of disease to spread to other susceptible animal

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15
Q

clinical carrier

A

look sick and pass to others

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16
Q

asymptomatic carrier

A

aren’t sick and pass to others

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17
Q

direct contact transmission

A

involves direct physical contact to spread disease
within 3 ft
-venereal
-bite
-aerosol droplets

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18
Q

vehicle/ indirect transmission

A

over 3 ft away
spread through inanimate object (fomite)
-hands, coveralls, boots, water tank

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19
Q

common source transmisison

A

simultaneous exposure to a # of individuals to an infectious agent
transmission based on water supply, silage, hay

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20
Q

airborne transmisison

A

spread by wind/ birds
spores, resistant microorganisms

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21
Q

vector borne transmission

A

usually arthropod (flea, ticks)
flies (pinkeye, indirect), mosquito (heartworm, direct)

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22
Q

aerosol

A

cough/ sneeze
can be direct or indirect

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23
Q

sterilization

A

process of destroying microbes completely by chemical/ physical means
an absolute condition

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24
Q

disinfection

A

destruction of most microorganisms
surgery table, chemical means on inanimate object

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25
Q

antisepsis

A

destruction of microbes on the skin, form of disinfection

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26
Q

sanitation

A

destruction of bacterial #’s to safe level

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27
Q

physical agents

A

steam under pressure is more efficient process to eliminate microbes
-121 degrees C at 15#/in squared for 15 minutes

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28
Q

vaccination

A

injection of vaccine for the purpose of inducing immunity
-antigen vs antibody

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29
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism
how much disease it can produce

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30
Q

antibodies

A

consist of special proteins, the immunoglobulins, whose production is stimulated by the presence of a specific antigen
function is to neutralize the antigens by combining with them

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31
Q

how long it takes body to produce enough antibodies to affect course of infection

A

2 weeks

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32
Q

anamnestic response

A

immunological memory of antigen persists forever
antibody response may occur in 1-2 days and in increase quantity
memory of antigen and secondary response account for great value of vaccination procedures

33
Q

ideal vaccine properties/ qualities

A

-produce an immune response at least as good as or better than recovery of natural infection
-stable and keeps well
-easy to administer
-produce no reactions at inoculation site
-protect high proportion of vaccinated animals
-unaffected by presence of maternal antibodies
-compatible with other vaccines
-single dosed, life-long protection
-not spread to other animals
-fast acting immunity
-inexpensive

34
Q

ideal vaccine examples

A

polio
measels
mumps
tetanus (10 year booster)

35
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

responsible for cell-mediated immunity
primary importance is to mount a fast response to vaccination booster or to exposure to a disease agent
important in regards to viruses, neoplastic cells, and physiologic integrity of the body

36
Q

B- lymphocytes

A

associated with antibody formation
primary importance is that it is responsible for humoral immunity, which is chiefly effective in dealing with bacteria, large parasites, and toxins
-second level of defense

37
Q

live vaccination

A

giving animal the disease
advantage: excellent protection
disadvantage: may kill susceptible animal, produce carriers, spread to unprotected animals, danger to veterinarians and handlers
ex: pseudorabies, hog cholora vacc

38
Q

modified live vaccination

A

weakened through prolonged tissue culturing, this chemically alters antigen so it doesn’t cause physical disease
advantage: good immunity that is long lasting, fast immunity
disadvantage: may produce increased side effects, mutant reversion
still a live vaccine

39
Q

killed vaccine

A

administering whole, dead organisms that stimulate immunity
advantages: safe, few side effects
disadvantages: lower effectiveness, short term protection
used in pregnant animals

40
Q

infectious

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body tissue resulting in injury, disease, etc
change in lifestyle/eating/energy

41
Q

contagious

A

disease that can be transmitted form one animal to another

42
Q

animal immune system and response depends on

A

-possession of correct genetic information for recognizing and responding to an antigen
-balanced participation of all components of the system
-effective regulatory mechanisms for controlling the response. external factors: drugs, nutrition, age etc

43
Q

immunity

A

ability of animal to resist infections/ challenges
not absolute, varying degrees

44
Q

natural immunity

A

genetically determined resistance present at birth
natural barriers-> skin, secretions, and stomach acid

45
Q

acquired immunity

A

provided by actions of certain classes of WBC (lymphocytes)
occurs post exposure (bacteria, virus, parasites)

46
Q

stimulation of immunity depends on

A

degree of encounter

47
Q

small dose antigen

A

passive immunity
keeps in check while active immunity builds

48
Q

large overwhelming dose of antigen

A

clinical disease

49
Q

factors that inhibit immune function

A

temperature-decrease cholostral consumption and cold inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages
behavior and social stress- weaning, mixing pigs & physical restraint decrease the immune system an increase cortisol
nutrition- especially deficiencies (Vitamin E/ Selenium) improves humoral response to a challenge
mycotoxin- contaminated feeds decrease immunity
ammonia- increased production of mucous, cilia become impaired, paralyze immune system function
diseases- viral etc

50
Q

4 basic immune system disorders

A

immunodeficiencies
hypersensitivity reactions
autoimmune disorders
neoplasia in the immune system

51
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

most common form is the failure of a newborn to absorb colostrum. lack of passive transfer occurs increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections
-as time increases, absorption of immunoglobulins decreases. after 36 hours, treatment involves IV serum

52
Q

primary immunodeficiencies

A

difficult to treat
only treat through IV colostrum

53
Q

secondary immunodeficiencies

A

more common, external factors such as vita deficiency, viral infection, or pregnancy decreases the function of the immune system
-treatable if disease not there to suppress the immune system

54
Q

hypersensitivity reactions

A

excessive or inappropriate response to an antigen creates this condition
ex: inhalant/ drug allergy, polyarthritis, insect bite

55
Q

hypersensitivity reactions treatment

A

remove causative agent, alleviate symptoms with immunosuppressive drug

56
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

specific immunologic reactivity against self tissue antigens not seen often in food animals
-doesn’t recognize own antigens and attacks
could be from short lifetime, hard to diagnose

57
Q

neoplasia in the immune system

A

malignant transformation occurs at all stages of cell maturation
-most transformed cells function abnormally
-food animals develop leukemias and sarcomas

58
Q

why tumor cells cause immunosuppresion

A

-produce factors that decrease proliferation and differentiation of cells
- release substances that cause a negative feedback, turning off reactive cells
-crowd out normal cells by replacing them in bone marrow

59
Q

why vaccinate livestock

A

protect breeding stock from disease
protect offspring from disease
establish basal immunity for post maternal protection

60
Q

basal immunity

A

should be established prior to transportation, if can’t be done vaccinate asap to produce rapid onset of protection
-outbreaks could still occur before vaccination immunity established

61
Q

vaccines and vaccine programs

A

play an important role in decreasing economic losses resulting from infectious diseases
put animals in healthiest position we can

62
Q

basic principles of immunoprophylaxis

A

-immunization practiced to prevent disease
-vaccines induce immunity against specific agents
-different types of vaccines do not all produce the same degree or duration of protection because of antigens contained and type of immunity they evoke
-immunosuppressed animals cannot be expected to receive the full benefit of vaccination
a) disease
b) severe parasitism
c) extreme physiologic stress
-all vaccines contain biologic ingredients that can be rendered nonimmunogenic by careless/ improper storage, handling, mixing or administration

63
Q

goal of herd health program

A

maintain and improve a profit margin
good record analysis of records are essential

64
Q

production goals

A

12 month calving interval
95% weaned calf crop
60 day calving season
weaning weights=40% of the mothers normal weight
preweaning death loss <2%
postweaning death loss <1%
annual cow death loss <0.5%
ongoing reduction of losses from disease

65
Q

12 month calving interval

A

half calf every year at same time

66
Q

95% weaned calf crop

A

low calf loss

67
Q

60 day calving season

A

60 days between first and last calving

68
Q

preweaning death loss <2%

A

not during birth, time from standing to wean

69
Q

selection of bulls

A

1:25 bull to cow ratio
introduce only virgin bulls
don’t buy problems (see, eat, walk, mount)
testicles: measure size and check for inflammation/ lesions
should pass breeding soundness exam
conformation, pedigree, and price

70
Q

BSE

A

breeding soundness exam
P.E, internal exam, semen collection and evaluation

71
Q

female replacement program

A

reproductive efficiency (breed and conceive easily)
disease resistance
feed conversion efficiency
records of cows performance is important
identification of cow and calf
daily surveillance is necessary
width of pin bones related to pelvic diameter
conformation related to longevity of herf

72
Q

immunization program

A

BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV, pasturella, haemophilus, brucellosis, lepto and clostridium, internal and external parasites

73
Q

BVD

A

bovine viral diarrhea

74
Q

IBR

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

75
Q

PI3

A

parainfluenza virus

76
Q

BRSV

A

bovine respiratory syncitial virus

77
Q

brucellosis vaccine

A

live vaccine
zoonotic disease
only for heifer

78
Q

leptospirosis

A

causes flu like symptoms
-spread through urine
-zoonotic

Large Animal Med (9 decks)

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