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ARTHROLOGY > quiz #1 - intro > Flashcards

quiz #1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

arthrology

A

study of joints

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2
Q

joint (articulation/ arthrosis)

A

point of contact between two bones, between bones & cartilage, between bones & teeth

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3
Q

kinesiology

A

study of motion in human body

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4
Q

arthrokinematics

A

movements that occur inside joint (roll, slide, spin)

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5
Q

osteokinematics

A

movement of body parts (flexion, extension, adduction)

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6
Q

collagen fibers

A

main component of CT, mostly found in fibrous tissues like cartilage, tendons, ligaments & skin

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7
Q

cartilage

A

flexible rubbery tissue made up of collagen & chondrocytes

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8
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth white tissue that covers ends of bones where they form joints

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9
Q

articular capsule

A

CT surrounding joint

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10
Q

ligaments

A

bundles of collagen in parallel strips that connect one bone to another bone

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11
Q

joint - articulations definition

A

point of contact between two bones, between bones & cartilage, between bones & teeth
-their surfaces allow for varying degrees of movement
-joints of skeletal system hold bones together & allow for movement & flexibility

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12
Q

joint articulations - classifications (3)

A
  1. structure (how they look)
  2. function (how much movement occurs)
  3. biomechanical properties (how they move)
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13
Q

structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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14
Q

functional joints

A

synarthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
diarthrosis: freely moveable (all synovial joints)

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15
Q

biomechanical properties

A

simple: two articulating surfaces (GH)
complex: two or more articulating surfaces with an articular disc / meniscus (knee/TMJ)
compound: three or more articulating surfaces (radiocarpal)

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16
Q

fibrous joints & types

A

no joint cavity
articulating bones held close together by dense, irregular CT with lots of collagen fibers
-sutures
-syndesmosis
-interosseous membrane

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17
Q

fibrous joints - sutures

A

between bones of skull
irregular interlocking edges composed of thin layer of dense irregular CT
act as shock absorber in skull
immovable/ synarthosis (slightly movable in infants)

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18
Q

fibrous joints - synostosis

A

type of suture joint that is replaced by bone as an adult -> complete fusion of two separate bones
synarthrosis, immovable because they have ossified (ex. frontal bone)

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19
Q

fibrous joints - syndesmosis

A

band / ligament, made of dense irregular CT arranged in a bundle
two joints surfaces are further away from each other
amphiarthrosis (ex. distal tibiofibular, teeth)

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20
Q

fibrous joints - interosseous membrane

A

substantial sheet of dense irregular CT
binds neighbouring bones & permits small amount of movement
amphiarthrosis (ex. between radius & ulna, tibia & fibula)

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21
Q

cartilaginous joints & types

A

no synovial cavity
little to no movement
articular bones tightly connected by hyaline / fibrocartilage
-synchondrosis
-symphysis
-epiphyseal cartilage

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22
Q

cartilaginous joints - synchondrosis

A

connecting material = hyaline cartilage
amphiarthrosis to synarthrosis
ossifies in adulthood & becomes synostosis
(ex. first rib & manubrium of sternum)

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23
Q

cartilaginous joints - symphysis

A

connecting tissue = hyaline cartilage; also has broad, flat fibrocartilaginous disc that connects bones
ALL occur in midline of body
amphiarthrosis
(ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis)

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24
Q

cartilaginous joints - epiphyseal cartilage

A

not a joint but a growth within bone
covered with hyaline cartilage
not about movement but about growth
synarthrosis
*once bone elongation growth has stopped after puberty, epiphyseal plate closes & joint becomes synostosis joint

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25
Q

synovial joints

A

fluid filled cavity = synovial cavity between articulating bones
fluid = synovial fluid
cavity covered by capsule; capsule made of dense irregular CT
bones at ends of joints are covered by layer of hyaline cartilage that is smooth & slippery called articular cartilage
allows for lots of movement = diarthrosis

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26
Q

articular cartilage function

A

reduces friction between bones & absorbs shock

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27
Q

articular capsule

A

covers entire synovial joint & encloses synovial cavity while uniting articular bones
separates inside of joint from outside, has TWO membranes:
-fibrous (outside)
-synovial (inside)

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28
Q

articular capsule: fibrous membrane (outside)

A

dense irregular CT
mostly collagen
connects periosteum of articulating bones

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29
Q

articular capsule: synovial membrane (inside)

A

areolar CT with elastic fibers
synoviocytes produce synovial fluid that contains hyaluronic acid

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30
Q

synovial fluid functions

A

lubricates synovial cavity
reduces friction
shock absorbers
supplies oxygen & nutrients
takes away wastes like carbon dioxide
contains phagocytes to remove normal debris (or microbes from wear & tear)

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31
Q

synovial fluid: if joint is inactive…

A

synovial fluid becomes thicker & less viscous = main reason to warm up before activity
stimulates production & secretion of more synovial fluid = less stress on joints

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32
Q

accessory ligaments

A

extracapsular: outside capsule
intracapsular: inside capsule

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33
Q

articular disc

A

occur inside some synovial joints
crescent shaped pad of fibrocartilage that lies between articulating bones -> called meniscus (knee) / articular discs

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34
Q

function of articular disc

A

-act as shock absorbers
-make a better fit between articulating bones
-distribute weight & synovial fluid over greater surface area
-disc binds strongly to inside of fibrous membrane & often subdivides synovial cavity into two separate spaces, allowing separate movements (TMJ)

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35
Q

labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from edge of joint socket
helps deepen socket & increases surface area of contact between ball & socket
occurs in ball & socket joints of hip & shoulder

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36
Q

tendon sheaths

A

covering over tendon that reduces friction at joints
tube-like bursa that wraps around some tendons especially around wrists & ankles
contains small amount of synovial fluid
reduces friction in common back & forth repetitive activites

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37
Q

tendon sheaths - transverse humeral ligament

A

holds biceps tendon
has tendon sheath around it for protection & friction reduction

38
Q

bursa

A

fluid filled sac lined with synovial membrane
acts as cushion / protection around joint by reducing friction
between skin & bones, tendon & bones, muscles & bones, ligaments & bones (where rubbing/ friction occurs)
bursitis: inflammation of bursa around joint

39
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

plane (planar)
hinge (ginglymus)
pivot (trochoid)
condyloid (ellipsoid)
saddle (sellar)
ball & socket (spheroid)

40
Q

PLANE joints

A

flat/ slightly curved surfaces
permit back & forth / gliding movements
articular capsule around joints limits movement
BIAXIAL or TRIAXIAL
(ex. acromioclavicular & sternoclavicular)

41
Q

HINGE joints

A

convex surface of one bone articulating into concave surface of another bone
permits one type of movement in one plane: flexion & extension
UNIAXIAL
(ex. elbow, knee)

42
Q

PIVOT joints

A

articulating surface is rounded / pointed surface of one bone articulating with ring formed by another bone
allows for rotation only
UNIXIAL
(ex. atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint)

43
Q

CONDYLOID joints

A

convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into oval shaped depression of another bone
two degrees of motion (flex, ext, ADD, ABD, circ)
BIAXIAL
(ex. radiocarpal joint)

44
Q

SADDLE joints

A

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, other surface fits in saddle
two planes of motion (flex, ext, ADD, ABD, circ)
BIAXIAL
(ex. carpometacarpal joint (trapezium and the thumb))

45
Q

BALL & SOCKET joints

A

ball shaped surface of one bone fitting into cuplike depression of another bone
movement in many directions (rotation)
TRIAXIAL / MULTIAXIAL
(ex. GH, hip)

46
Q

factors affecting contact in synovial joints

A
  1. structure/ shape of articulating bones, how closely they fit together
  2. strength, tension, tautness of ligaments around joint, restrict ROM
  3. arrangement & tension of muscles
  4. contact of soft parts, may limit mobility
  5. hormones: relaxin produced near birth increases pubic symphysis joint
  6. disuse: restricts movement, decreases synovial fluid, muscles atrophy, joint becomes less mobile & flexible
47
Q

synovial joint movements

A

uniaxial: one plane (elbow)
biaxial: two planes (metacarpophalangeal)
triaxial: all three planes (GH)

48
Q

joints surfaces move around one another - described in 3 ways:

A

roll
spin
slide/glide

49
Q

ROLL

A

one articular surface rolls on another
ex. femur rolls on tibia

50
Q

SLIDE

A

one articular surface slides on another
ex. femur slides on tibia

51
Q

SPIN

A

one bone moves but axis remains stationary
ex. femur spins on tibia

52
Q

nerve supply to synovial joints

A

-contain nerve endings distributed throughout capsule & close by ligaments
-some nerve endings convey info about pain from joint to spinal cord to brain
-other nerve endings respond to degree of movement & stretch at joint
-spinal cord & brain respond by sending impulses through different nerves (motor nerves) to mm to adjust body movements

53
Q

blood supply (synovial joints)

A

-articular cartilage = avascular
-fibrous capsule & ligaments have poor blood supply
-synovial membrane = highly vascularized with blood capillaries (deliver oxygen & nutrients to inside of joint)

54
Q

four main types of movement

A

gliding
angular movements
rotation
special movements

55
Q

gliding

A

simple movement
bone surfaces move back & forth / side to side on one another
movement limited due to capsules, ligaments & bone shapes
ex. intercarpals & intertarsals

56
Q

angular motion

A

change angle between two articulating bones
ex. flexion/extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction/adduction, circumduction

57
Q

hyperextension (angular motion)

A

found in hinge joints (elbow, interphalangeal, knee)
motion prevented by ligaments & bone alignment

58
Q

special movements

A

(only occur at certain joints)
-elevation/depression
-protraction/retraction
-inversion/eversion
-dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
-radial deviation/ ulnar deviation
-supination/pronation
-opposition

59
Q

elevation & depression

A

elevation: superior motion, moving up
depression: inferior motion, pressing down

60
Q

protraction & retraction

A

protraction: to draw outwards
retraction: to draw inward

61
Q

inversion & eversion

A

inversion: turn inward / medially
eversion: turn outward / laterally

62
Q

dorsiflexion & plantar flexion

A

dorsiflexion: toward superior surface - standing on heels
plantar flexion: toward inferior surface - standing on toes

63
Q

radial & ulnar deviation

A

radial: ABD wrist away from midline
ulnar: ADD wrist toward midline

64
Q

supination & pronation (hand)

A

supination: palm turned upward
pronation: palm turned downward

65
Q

supination & pronation (foot)

A

supination: inversion, plantar flexion, ADD
pronation: eversion, dorsiflexion, ABD

66
Q

opposition

A

movement of thumb across hand to touch fingertips
combination of: flexion, ADD, internal rotation

67
Q

range of motion (ROM)

A

measurement of amount of movement around specific joint
measured in degrees

68
Q

2 common ways to measure ROM

A

PASSIVE (relaxed): therapist makes motion of joint while patient is relaxed & does not contract mm - anatomical barrier = end of PROM
ACTIVE: patient “actively” contracts voluntary mm crossing joint, moving joint through ROM - physiological barrier = end of AROM

69
Q

CLOSED packed position

A

when articulating bones have their MAXIMUM area of contact with each other = maximum congruency
joint capsule becomes twisted, surfaces fully approximated
-maximum contact, mobility, stability
joint stability = greatest
injury in close packed: fracture/ dislocation

70
Q

OPEN (loose) packed position

A

when joint surfaces become separated, have little congruity & minimal joint surface contact
joint capsule relaxed & untwisted
joint is under least amount of stress (which is why we most joint mobs in resting position)
=MINIMAL stability
injury in loose packed: sprains & strains, swelling occurs

71
Q

capsular pattern of restriction

A

predictable pattern of movement restriction
occurs in synovial joint when entire joint capsule is injured / affected
result = total joint reaction
only joints controlled by mm have capsular pattern
pattern is MOST restricted to LEAST restricted

72
Q

should (GH) capsular pattern of restriction

A

lateral rotation
ABD
medial rotation

73
Q

proprioception

A

sensation that tells our brain where our body is in space

74
Q

KINESTHESIA

A

perception of body movements
sensory info travels to brain relaying info about what our joints are doing, where our head & limbs are, how they are moving
sensory info is picked up by specialized receptors = proprioceptors, imbedded in mm & tendons especially surrounding our joints

75
Q

PROPRIOCEPTORS (3 types in & around joints)

A

muscle spindles: within skeletal mm
tendon organs: within tendons
joint kinesthetic receptors: within synovial joint capsule

76
Q

proprioceptors: muscle spindles

A

monitor changes in LENGTH of skeletal muscle
-finely controlled/ precise movements: fingers & eye movements, mm spindles are plentiful (reading music / playing instrument)
-course / forceful movements: thigh muscles, mm spindles are fewer (deadlifts)
*only mm that lack muscle spindles = tiny muscles of EAR

77
Q

proprioceptors: GTO

A

located at junction of tendon / mm or musculotendinous junction
protect tendons & their associated muscles from damage due to excessive tension by initiation tendon reflex
when mm contracts, it exerts a force that pulls points of attachment

78
Q

proprioceptors: joint kinesthetic receptors

A

monitor stretch in synovial joint & send info to brain for response
-present in & around articular capsules of synovial joints

79
Q

free nerve endings (joint kinesthetic receptors)

A

in joint’s CT

80
Q

Ruffini corpuscles (joint kinesthetic receptors)

A

in tendons: in joint capsules, slow adapting, respond to pressure

81
Q

small Pacinian corpuscles (joint kinesthetic receptors)

A

in skin & tendons, fast adapting, in CT outside articular capsules, respond to acceleration & deceleration of joints during movement

82
Q

joint ligaments (joint kinesthetic receptors)

A

contain receptors similar to tendon organs that adjust reflex inhibition of adjacent mm when excessive strain is placed on joint

83
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - SPRAIN

A

stretching / tearing of ligament

84
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - DISLOCATION

A

joint alignment is interrupted
abnormal separation of joint

85
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - SUBLUXATION

A

partial / incomplete dislocation of joint

86
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - BURSITIS

A

inflammation of bursa around joint

87
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - TENDINITIS

A

inflammation of tendon / tendon sheath

88
Q

common joint disorders (arthropathies) - ARTHRITIS

A

inflammation of joint, caused by age related degeneration, past trauma, inflammatory/ immune disease, metabolic diseases (gout)

89
Q

effects of aging on joints

A

-decreased production of synovial fluid
-decreased joint space
-articular cartilage becomes thinner
-ligaments shorten & lose some of their flexibility
-muscles weaken & weaken joints

90
Q

what are the first joints affected during aging & joint degeneration?

A

hips, knees, L-spine
(weight bearing joints)

ARTHROLOGY (11 decks)

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