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ARTHROLOGY > MIDTERM #1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM #1 Flashcards

1
Q

arthrokinematics

A

movements that occur inside joint
(roll, spin, glide)

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2
Q

osteokinematics

A

movement of body parts
(flex, ext, ADD, ABD)

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3
Q

articulation classifications (3)

A
  1. structure (how they look)
  2. function (how much movement occurs)
  3. biomechanical properties (how they move)
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4
Q

structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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5
Q

functional joints

A

synarthrosis - immovable
amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
diarthrosis - freely movable

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6
Q

biomechanical properties

A

simple: two articulating surfaces
complex - two or more with articulating disc
compound - three or more

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7
Q

3 types of structural joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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8
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmosis
interosseous membrane

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9
Q

3 types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondrosis
symphysis
epiphyseal cartilage

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10
Q

synovial joints

A

-synovial cavity: synovial fluid
-hyaline cartilage: articular cartilage
-diarthrosis

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11
Q

articular capsule: two membranes

A

fibrous (outside)
synovial (inside)

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12
Q

synovial fluid functions

A

lubricates synovial cavity
reduces friction
shock absorbers
supplies oxygen & nutrients
takes away wastes like carbon dioxide
contains phagocytes to remove normal debris

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13
Q

articular disc function

A

-act as shock absorbers
-make better fit between articular bones
-distribute weight & synovial fluid over greater surface area

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14
Q

labrum

A

-fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from edge of joint socket
-helps deepen socket & increase surface area
*occurs in ball & socket

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15
Q

tendon sheeth

A

-covering over tendon that reduces friction
-tube-like bursa that wraps around tendon (wrist & ankle)
-contains synovial fluid
-reduce friction in repetitive movements (back & forth)

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16
Q

bursa

A

-fluid filled sac
-acts as cushion/ protection around joint
-reduce friction

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17
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball & socket

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18
Q

plane joints

A

gliding
biaxial / triaxial

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19
Q

hinge (ginglymus) joints

A

flexion & extension
uniaxial

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20
Q

pivot (trochoid) joints

A

rotation
uniaxial

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21
Q

condyloid (ellipsoid) joints

A

flexion/ extension, ABD/ADD, circumduction
biaxial

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22
Q

saddle (sellar) joints

A

flexion/ extension, ABD/ADD, circumduction
biaxial

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23
Q

ball & socket (spheroid) joints

A

flexion/ extension, ABD/ADD, rotation
triaxial / multiaxial

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24
Q

factors affecting contact in synovial joint

A

-structure/ shape of articulating bones, how closely they fit together
-strength & tension/ tautness of ligaments around joint, in certain positions, restrict some ROM & direct movement at joint
-arrangement & tension of mm, flexed hip restricted by hamstrings
-contact of soft parts, may limit mobility
-hormones: relaxin produced at or near birth increases flexibility of fibrocartilage in pubic symphysis joint to expand the pelvic outlet for delivery
-disuse: restricts movement, decreases synovial fluid, mm atrophy, joint becomes less mobile & flexible

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25
Q

ROM

A

measurement of amount of movement around a specific joint

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26
Q

passive (relaxed) ROM

A

therapist makes motion of joint while patient is relaxed through unrestricted range

anatomic barrier = end of PROM

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27
Q

active ROM

A

patient “actively” contracts voluntary muscles crossing joint, moving joint through its ROM

physiological barrier = end of AROM

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28
Q

close packed position

A

-joint stability = greatest
-max mobility
-max stability

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29
Q

open (loose) packed position

A

-little congruity
-minimal stability
-minimal mobility

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30
Q

capsular pattern of restriction

A

predictable pattern of movement restriction that occurs in a synovial joint when entire joint capsule is injured / affected
-result of a total joint reaction
*most restricted to least

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31
Q

proprioception - kinesthesia

A

perception of body movements

sensory information travels to brain relaying information about what our joints are doing - our brain responds

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32
Q

3 types of proprioceptors around joints

A

muscle spindles: within skeletal muscles

tendon organs: within tendons

joint kinesthetic receptors: within synovial joint capsule

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33
Q

muscle spindles

A

measure LENGTH in skeletal muscle
-finely controlled: finger & eye movements, mm spindles plentiful
-coarser, forceful: thigh muscles, mm spindles fewer

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34
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

protect TENDONS
-tension & force

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35
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

monitor STRETCH
-joint kinesthetic receptors
-free nerve endings
-Ruffini corpuscles
-small Pacinian corpuscles
-joint ligaments

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36
Q

common joint disorders

A

-sprain: stretching/ tearing of ligament
-dislocation: joint alignment interrupted
-subluxation: partial/ incomplete dislocation of joint
-bursitis: inflammation of bursa around joint
-tendinitis: inflammation of tendon / tendon sheath (tenosynovitis)
-arthritis: inflammation of joint, caused by age related degeneration, past trauma, inflammatory or autoimmune diseases or metabolic diseases (gout)

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37
Q

effects of aging on joints

A

-decreased production of synovial fluid
-decreased joint space
-articular cartilage becomes thinner
-ligaments shorten & lose some of their flexibility
-muscles weaken & weak joints

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38
Q

4 shoulder joints

A

glenohumeral (GH)
scapulothoracic
sternoclavicular (SC)
acromioclavicular (AC)

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39
Q

sternoclavicular (SC) joint - type & movements

A

synovial, saddle or plane, diarthrosis, multiaxial

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation

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40
Q

sternoclavicular (SC) joint - articular surfaces

A

convex/concave sternal head of clavicle on concave/convex manubrium of sternum

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41
Q

sternoclavicular (SC) joint - ligaments

A

joint capsule
sternoclavicular (anterior & posterior)
interclavicular
costcoclavicular
articular disc

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42
Q

acromioclavicular (AC) joint - type & movements

A

synovial, plane, diarthrosis, triaxial

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward/ downward rotation

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43
Q

acromioclavicular (AC) joint- articular surfaces

A

convex acromion on convex lateral clavicle

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44
Q

acromioclavicular (AC) joint - ligaments

A

fibrous capsule
acromioclavicular
coracoclavicular (trapezoid & conoid)
coracoacromial

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45
Q

glenohumeral (GH) joint - type & movements

A

synovial, ball & socket, diarthrosis, multiaxial

flexion & extension, ABD & ADD, horizontal ABD & ADD, medial & lateral rotation, circumduction

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46
Q

glenohumeral (GH) joint - articular surfaces

A

convex head of humerus on concave glenoid cavity of scapula

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47
Q

glenohumeral (GH) joint - ligaments

A

ANTERIORLY: superior, middle, inferior humeral ligaments
POSTERIORLY: coracohumeral, transverse ligament

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48
Q

transverse ligament function

A

holds long head of biceps tendon in intertubercular groove

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49
Q

shoulder bursa (largest)

A

subacromial/ subdeltoid bursa

lies just below acromion & deltoid mm

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50
Q

glenoid labrum (shouder)

A

made of fibrocartilage attached to rim of glenoid cavity

deepens cavity & increases surface of joint

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51
Q

GH movements are coupled with…

A

movements in AC & SC joints at same time

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52
Q

GH - loose packed position

A

40-55º ABD
30º horizontal ADD (in scapular plane)

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53
Q

GH - close packed position

A

full ABD with lateral (external) rotation

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54
Q

GH - capsular pattern of restriction

A

1: lateral (external) rotation
2: ABD
3: medial (internal) rotation

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55
Q

GH - ROM

A

Flexion: 160-180º
Extension: 50-60º
Abduction: 170-180º
Adduction: 50-75º
Horizontal abduction/flexion: 130º
Horizontal adduction/ext: 45º
Internal/ external Rotation: 80-90º

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56
Q

GH - subacromial space

A

region between humerus & acromion

roof formed by: CORACOACROMIAL ligament

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57
Q

GH - subacromial space: 3 structures live inside

A
  1. supraspinatus tendon
  2. biceps (long head) tendon
  3. subacromial bursa
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58
Q

scapulothoracic joint - type & movements

A

not a true joint, modified gliding, mostly mm tissue (serratus anterior, subscapularis), CT, fascia, large bursa (subscapular)

sliding/ gliding, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, upward & downward rotation of glenoid fossa

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59
Q

scapulothoracic joint - articular surfaces

A

concave subscapular fossa surface on convex posterior ribs

(*no ligaments)

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60
Q

scapulothroacic - loose packed position

A

arm resting at side

*no close packed position

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61
Q

scapulothoracic rhythm - involves 3 joints moving together synchronized

A

humerus
scapula
clavicle

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62
Q

scapulothoracic joint movements - PHASE 1

A

humerus: 30º ABD
scapula: minimal movement
clavicle: 0-5º elevation

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63
Q

scapulothoracic joint movements - PHASE 2

A

humerus: 40º ABD
scapula: 20º upward rotation
clavicle: 15º elevation

64
Q

scapulothoracic joint movements - PHASE 3

A

humerus: 60º ABD
scapula: 30º upward rotation
clavicle: 30-50º posterior rotation, 15º upward elevation

65
Q

humeral-scapular ratio

A

= for every 2º motion of humerus there is 1º motion in scapula

66
Q

scapulothoracic joint - AROM

A

protraction & retraction: 30º
elevation & depression: 30º
medial & lateral rotation: 50º

67
Q

scapulothoracic joint - FUNCTIONS

A
  1. increases ROM of shoulder for greater reach
  2. maintains length-tension relationship with deltoid mm
  3. provides GH stability: GH head alignment
  4. injury prevention through shock absorption
  5. permits elevation of body
68
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - FLEXION

A

anterior deltoid
biceps brachii
pec major

69
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - EXTENSION

A

posterior deltoid
triceps brachii

70
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - ABD

A

middle deltoid
supraspinatus

71
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - ADD

A

teres major
lats

72
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - HORIZONTAL ADD

A

pec major
coracobrachialis

73
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - INTERNAL ROTATION

A

subscapularis
pec major
lats

74
Q

muscles that move the shoulder - EXTERNAL ROTATION

A

infraspinatus
teres minor

75
Q

distal elbow joints - elbow joint complex

A

humeroulnar
humeroradial
proximal radioulnar

(mid & distal radioulnar)

76
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - type & movements

A

synovial, hinge, diarthrosis, uniaxial

flexion & extension

77
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - articular surfaces

A

concave surface of trochlear notch of ulna & convex trochlea of humerus

78
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - ligaments

A

joint capsule
radial/ lateral & ulnar/medial collateral ligaments

79
Q

pronation/ supination

A

during pronation, the radius crosses over the ulna

80
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - loose packed position

A

70º elbow flexion
10º supination

81
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - close packed position

A

extension & supination

82
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear joint - capsular pattern of restriction

A

1: flexion
2: extension

83
Q

humeroulnar/ trochlear & humeroradial joints - ROM

A

Flexion: 140-150º
Extension: 0-10º
Supination: 90º
Pronation: 80-90º

84
Q

humeroradial joint - type & movements

A

synovial, hinge, diarthrosis, uniaxial

flexion & extension

85
Q

humeroradial joint - articular surfaces

A

concave surface radial head with convex surface capitulum of humerus

86
Q

humeroradial joint - ligaments

A

joint capsule
radial/lateral & ulnar/medial collateral ligaments

87
Q

humeroradial joint - loose packed position

A

full extension & full supination

88
Q

humeroradial joint - close packed position

A

elbow flexed 90º
forearm supinated 5º

89
Q

humeroradial joint - capsular pattern of restriction

A

1: flexion
2: extension
3: supination
4: pronation

90
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - type & movements

A

synovial, pivot, diarthrosis, uniaxial

pronation & supination

91
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - articular surfaces

A

convex radial head & concave radial notch of ulna

92
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - ligaments

A

annular ligament
quadrate ligament

93
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - loose packed position

A

35º supination
70º flexion

94
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - close packed position

A

forearm supinated 5º

95
Q

proximal/ superior radioulnar joint - capsular pattern of restriction

A

1: supination
2: pronation

96
Q

elbow joint complex - accessory ligaments

A

radial/ lateral collateral (LCL)
ulnar/ medial collateral (MCL)
annular ligament
articular/ joint capsule

97
Q

ulnar/ medial collateral ligament - 3 bundles

A

anterior
posterior
transverse

98
Q

annular ligament

A

surrounds radial head & radial notch of ulna

keeps radial head in radial notch & allows for pronation/ supination

99
Q

elbow joint complex - mm action summary

A

-flex: brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
-ext.: triceps brachii, anconeus
-sup: supinator, biceps brachii
-pro: pronator quadratus, pronator teres

100
Q

mid radioulnar joint - type & movements

A

fibrous, syndesmosis (interosseous membrane), amphiarthrosis, uniaxial

supination & pronation

101
Q

mid radioulnar joint - articular surface & ligaments

A

interosseous margins of radius & ulna (fibrous tissue binds bones together)

ligaments: interosseous membrane

102
Q

mid radioulnar joint - movements

A

supination: 90º
pronation: 80-90º

103
Q

distal radioulnar joint - type & movements

A

synovial, pivot, diarthrosis, uniaxial

supination & pronation

104
Q

distal radioulnar joint - articular surfaces

A

head of ulna & ulnar notch of distal radius

105
Q

distal radioulnar joint - ligaments

A

articular disc (triangular fibrocartilage complex - TFCC)
dorsal & palmar radioulnar ligaments

106
Q

elbow joint complex - bursa

A

(bicipitoradial)
OLECRANON bursa:
-intratendinous (inside tendon)
-subtendinous (below tendon)
-subcutaneous (olecranon) (below skin)

107
Q

elbow complex - carrying angle

A

angle measured between axis of radius & axis of humers
-normal to have small degree cubitus valgus (5-15º)

108
Q

cubitus valgus

A

carrying angle = LOWER than normal
“L” shaped

109
Q

cubitus varus

A

carrying angle = HIGHER than normal

110
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - type & movements

A

synovial, condyloid, diarthrosis, biaxial

flexion, extension, ADD (ulnar deviation), ABD (radial deviation)

111
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - articular surfaces

A

biconcave distal end of radius on biconvex proximal surface of scaphoid, lunate, part of triquetrum

disc/ TFCC separates radiocarpal from radioulnar joint

112
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - ligaments

A

fibrous capsule
ulnar & radial collateral
palmar & dorsal radiocarpal

113
Q

triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

A

binds radius & ulna together -
separates distal radioulnar joint & ulna from radiocarpal joint

adds stability to wrist & acts as cushion

114
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - loose packed position

A

neutral with slight ulnar deviation

115
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - close packed position

A

extension with radial deviation

116
Q

radiocarpal (wrist) joint - capsular pattern of restriction

A

flexion & extension equally limited

117
Q

radiocarpal & intercarpal joints - ROM

A

flexion: 80-90º
Extension: 70-90º
radial deviation (ABD): 15º
ulnar deviation (ADD): 30-45º

118
Q

midcarpal joint - type & movements

A

synovial, saddle, diarthrosis, biaxial

119
Q

midcarpal joint - articular surfaces

A

proximal & distal row of carpals

-scaphoid articulates with trapezium, trapezoid, capitate
-lunate articulates with capitate
-triquetrum articulates with hamate

120
Q

midcarpal joint - ligaments

A

transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum)

121
Q

midcarpal joint - movements (flex & ext)

A

flexion: 40º
extension: 20º

122
Q

midcarpal joint - loose packed position

A

neutral / slight flexion with ulnar deviation

123
Q

midcarpal joint - close packed positon

A

extension with ulnar deviation

124
Q

midcarpal joint - capsular pattern of restriction

A

equal limitation of flexion & extension

125
Q

3 transverse joints through wrist that allow for maximum movement & stability

A

radiocarpal joint
midcarpal joint
carpometacarpal joint

126
Q

intercarpal joints - type & movements

A

synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial

slight gliding

127
Q

intercarpal joints - articular surfaces

A

between all carpal bones & between proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum) & distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) rows of carpals

128
Q

intercarpal joints - ligaments

A

fibrous capsule
palmar & dorsal interosseous/ intercarpal ligaments

129
Q

intercarpal joints - open packed position

A

neutral/ slight flexion

130
Q

intercarpal joints - close packed position

A

extension

(*no capsular pattern of restriction)

131
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - type & movements (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb (1st digit): synovial, saddle, diarthrosis, triaxial
fingers (2-5 digits): synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial

thumb: flex, ext, ADD, ABD, rotate, circ, opposition/ reposition
fingers: gliding

132
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - articular surfaces (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: trapezium with first metacarpal
fingers: distal surface of distal row of carpal bones & bases of metacarpals 2-5

133
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - ligaments

A

fibrous capsule
carpometacarpal
interosseous carpometacarpal

134
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - movements

A

-1st cmc (thumb): lots of movement
-2nd cmc: minimal movement
-3rd cmc: even less (acts as central pillar)
-4th cmc: 10-15º dorsovolar movement
-5th cmc: 25-30º dorsovolar movement

135
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - ROM (thumb)

A

Flexion: 45-50º
Extension: 0º
ABD: 60-70º
ADD: 30º
Opposition: thumb tip to head of 5th metacarpal

136
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - loose packed position (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: midway between ABD & ADD, midway between flex & ext

fingers: midway between flex & ext

137
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - close packed position (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: full opposition

fingers: full extension

138
Q

carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - capsular pattern of restriction (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: ABD, extension

fingers: equal limitation in all directions

139
Q

intermetacarpal joints - type & movements

A

synovial, plane, diarthrosis, uniaxial

gliding

140
Q

intermetacarpal joints - articular surfaces

A

adjacent surfaces bases of metacarpals 2-5

141
Q

intermetacarpal joints - ligaments

A

fibrous capsules
interosseous intermetacarpal (palmar, dorsal, deep transverse metacarpal)

142
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - type & movements (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb (1st digit): synovial, condyloid, diarthrosis, triaxial
fingers (2-5 digits): synovial, condyloid, diarthrosis, biaxial

thumb: flex, ext, ADD, ABD
fingers: flex, ext, ADD, ABD

143
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - articular surfaces (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: distal end 1st metacarpal & proximal phalanx

fingers: convex distal end 2-5 metacarpals & concave ends proximal phalanges

144
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - ligaments (thumb & fingers)

A

fibrous capsules
collateral ligaments

145
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - ROM (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: flexion 50-55º

fingers:
flexion: 85-90º
extension: 30-45º
ABD: 20-30º

146
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - loose packed position

A

slight flexion

147
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - close packed position (thumb & fingers)

A

thumb: full opposition

fingers: full flexion

148
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - capsular pattern of restriction

A

flexion, extension

149
Q

where are the interphalangeal (IP) joints ?

A

thumb (pollex)
proximal
distal

150
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - type & movements

A

synovial, hinge, diarthrosis, uniaxial

flexion & extension

151
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - articular surfaces

A

heads of most proximal phalanges & bases of most distal phalanges

152
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - ligaments

A

fibrous capsules
palmar plate
medial & lateral collateral

153
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - ROM (thumb & fingers)

A

Thumb: flexion: 85-90º
extension: 0-5º

fingers - proximal: flexion: 100-115º
fingers distal: flexion: 80-90º
extension: 20º

154
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - loose packed position

A

slight flexion

155
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - close packed position

A

full extension

156
Q

interphalangeal (IP) joints - capsular pattern fo restriction

A

flexion, extension

ARTHROLOGY (11 decks)

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