Quiz #1 Flashcards
Factors that attracted Mexicans to the US during the 20th century, according to Winn.
Higher wages
us growers provided free transportation and advancements on wages
During ww2 the bracero program brought more than 50,000 workers from mexico per year from 1942-64- worked mostly as agricultural laborers
Some crossed the boarder to make a profit and return home with it
Origins of Cuban immigration to the US in the second half of the 20th century, as explained by
Winn.
- bulk arrived after 1959
- Mostly exiles whose migration was shaped by political events rather than economic processes
- 20th century cuban emigration began with the early days of castros revolution from 1959-63 over 200,000 immigrants fled to the us because they could not live under commuist regime
- Most who migrated did not believe that the regime would last so long
- failure of the bay of pigs in april 1961 and us efforts to oust castro that culminated in missle crissis of october 1962 which in turn led to half a million immigrants coming to the us in the two decades that followed
Last wave was in 1980 with 125,000 cuban refugees from the Mariel
Characteristics of Cuban community in Miami, as described by Winn.
The ethnic enclave created by these cuban communities were comprised of doctors lawyers and proffessonals rather than immigrants coming to make a better life for themselves. It is for this reaso t hat they had the ability to make lives for themselves, and had the ability to succeed and create a market
The cuban american communities had the means to help refugees upward mobility to move into the middle class because of the large amount of enteperneurs and businessmen
In the early years cuban emigrants were focused on garnering economic power and persuading the national politcal narrative to overthrow castros cuba but as their numbers increased in miami they began to focus on local politics and
Cubans, unlike hatians, were welcomed and invited to participate because they were considered white unlike hatians who were considered black, and were raciallyu disenranchised from participation in the ways cubans were.
Role of culture for Puerto Rican migrants to New York City, according to Winn.
Puerto rico became apart of the US during the spanish american wars of 1898
Puerto rican men had jobs in factories hotels and resteraunts while puerto rican women had jobs in seamstress and domestics
They filled the need for low wage labor in an expanding north east economy
Mainland puerto ricans constituded 80 percent in ny in 1950 to 40 percent in 1980
They inhabited and settled in decaying neighborhoods occupied by early immigrants
by 1980 ny had become the largest puerto rican city
Puerto ricans in the face of poverty and blight to to their culture as a sort of identitity and pride
Afro carribiean folk music was harvested here
In the midst of violence, fires, gang violence, destruction of neighborhoods, desolationg and decaying environments, the community fought back and combated this desolation by planting community gardens
deep connection to culture- Ie food- rice and beans, and music- plena
Urba blight and ther urban environment puerto ricans grew up in combined with musical traditions like plena gave rise to hip hop in uraban puerto rican communities
Relationship between US involvement in the Dominican Republic and Dominican migration to
the US, as explained by Winn.
Immigration patterns started in 1960s and reflects US involvement in other carribiean countries internal affairs lE: In the DR it after 1960 it lead to a decade of US military intervention, economic expansion, and political intervention. It Accelerated during 1980s
and
by 2000’s dominicans were 7th ;largest immigrant group in us
by 1985 dominacans had become largest foreign born group in US
Bodega’s and resturaunts were a rags to riches form of economic power to expand one’s mobility in the hierarchies of our society
Broad population changes in Latin America during the colonial period.
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Economic causes of Independence
Long-lasting limits on international trade, actual inability to trade with colonies after 1797, increased taxes
Social causes of Independence
Royal favoritism toward Peninsulars, resented by Criollos - Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) and Great Andean Rebellion (1780-1782) caused elite fear
Ideological causes of Independence
Enlightenment (efficient govt, reduced Church’s influence) - US and French Revolutions (greater representation, legal equality, popular sovereignty
Political crises in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires
French invasion of Portugal and Spain
French emperor Napoleon I invaded Portugal (1807) and Spain (1808)
Portuguese king escaped to Brazil – Spanish king captured & forced to resign
French appointed their own (collaborationist) authorities
Portuguese and Spanish people resisted, led by liberals Govt. Councils in Spain, called on Constitutional Congress (1812-14):
Portuguese king set court in Rio de Janeiro 1814: Brazil declared kingdom equivalent to Portugal – Discontent of Portuguese elite
) Spanish Empire: Division within the colonial elite (Peninsulares and Criollos) in Latin America:
a. Loyalist or Royalist: continue obeying authorities in Spain (French or not) OR b. Criollo Juntas or Patriots: claimed to want return of Spanish king – really looking for more autonomy
Stance of non-Indians (Criollos and Mestizos) toward Hidalgo’s rebellion
Non indians, gave little support to hidalgos rebellion because of the fear of their loss of power and status in society that the indians instilled in them but also the rampant violence that the indians enacted on the criollos and mestizos. This gave way to little help or resistance from criollos or mestizos
Impact of racial divisions on Venezuelan Independence
Large black population, stronger royal control
Caracas, 1810: Criollo Council led by Bolivar
1811: Declaration of Independence – hesitance to grant greater political participation to lower classes
1812: Patriot defeat, Bolivar fled
Advance payment, according to Matto de Turner
In the novel, we see rich merchants “depositing” an “advance payment” of a sum of money at indigenous peoples’ houses. One year later, they’d come back for 500 lbs. of Alpaca wool at prices that always heavily favored the merchants. If the native people didn’t have the wool, they had to pay back the “advance payment” at usurious interest rates. The system relied on power and the threat of violence. In the story, those who benefit from this exploitation defend it so strongly that the governor, the justice of the peace, and the priest scheme to incite a riot that will kill the “outsider” Don Fernando Marín for wanting to defend the Yupanquis, the indigenous family that can neither raise that much wool or that much money. The authorities had broken into Juan Yupanqui’s house to “deposit” the advance payment and when he couldn’t come up with the wool or the interest on the money, the authorities took his daughter hostage to make sure he paid
What does the book’s title “Torn from the Nest” refer to?
Encomienda service drew both men and women temporarily away from their home villages with men working in mining, construction and agriculture and women serving as cooks, maids, and wet nurses in encomenderos’ households. This form of exploitation would continue in one guise or another for centuries. Indeed, as late as the 1920’s, the government of Peru was conscripting Indians to work on Peru’s road network, leading critics to call it the “republican mita.”
In the novel, the Yupanquis both have to perform such unpaid obligatory service to the authorities in Kíllac. Juan Yupanqui performs his in the fields and Marcela Yupanqui in the rectory. Indigenous women performing this unpaid obligatory service were called mitayas, and one of the terms applied to men was pongo. At one point Father Pascual tells Marcela that her daughter Margarita is about the age to start performing her mita: "all right then, this year, you'll put her in the service of the church, won't you? She's ready to start washing dishes and socks."
“Curay!” Marcela replied
“And how about you? Still holding out on me? When are you going to do your mita here? Isn’t it your turn?” the priest asked, fixing his eyes on Marcela and patting her on the back in a familiar way.”9
In addition to highlighting the exploitation of indigenous labor, this exchange also sheds light on the sexual exploitation to which indigenous women were subjected.
In short the exploitation of indigenious labor by the spanish and portugal superpowers.
Following the argument of the novel, what opinion did Matto de Turner have about the Catholic clergy? Why?
the priests maintain is powerful enough to crush all discussion and make their voice the law of their parishioners
She portrays the village priests as abusive and part of the oppressive establishment along with the governor and other local government officials.
