Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

In relation to Land concentration in Latin America, who was land heavily owned by?

A

Elites

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2
Q

In relation to Land concentration in Latin America, With the elites owning a majority of the land it made it very difficult for who to work their way out of poverty?

A

Lower classes

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3
Q

In relation to Land concentration in Latin America, lots of land was ?

A

foreign owned

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4
Q

In relation to Land concentration in Latin America, There was a widespread call for land reform by?

A

The lower classes

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5
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, the recession in 1907 and 1908 did what?

A

Bankrupted many businesses- millions of workers unemployed- foreign owners gained more ocntrol over economy

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6
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, _______ workers was one cause because of?

A

discontented: wages and conditions

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7
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, declining standards of living led to?

A

workers strikes

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8
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, many foreign _______ was also a factor

A

entrepreneurs

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9
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, the catholic war did what?

A

Clsoed doors

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10
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, there were criticisms of ?

A

US imperialism and oligarchic landholding rule

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11
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, there was discontent about limited _____ and economic _____

A

democray, disparity

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12
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, there was apartial influence of?

A

socialism- some thought prvate kand was not sacraed

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13
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, What is the definition of revolution?

A

Social movement charecterized by broad participation, violence and radical change

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14
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, what happened in the first phase of the revilution?

A

Began as rebellion against dictatio diaz

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15
Q

In relation to the conditions or factors that led to the Mexican revolution, what happened in the second phase pof revolution?

A

Economic nationalism, ethnic nationalism, anti clericalism, and national revoolutionary party reforms

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16
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, Who posited this?

A

Gilberto Freyeres

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17
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, what did gilberto freyre posit?

A

Brazil had escaped racism and discrimination

argued since relationship between masters and slaves were so close this pprev ented strict racial categories from rforming

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18
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, Freyre stated three racial groups had come together in lowland brazil during the colonial era and bought physica and cultural charecteristics suited for life on the plantations, what were the three?

A

Portuguese, africans and ameriindians

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19
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, What did Freyre mention about portuguese individuals?

A

Brought a genius for organization and enterprise and founded cities

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20
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, what did freyre say about africans and ameriindians?

A

Needed no special adaptation to climate

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21
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, what is a racial democracy?

A

Distinctions of race were blurred, this guy posited that racism no loinger exsisted because of the mestiaje but that wa largely a myth

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22
Q

In relation to racial democracy in brazil, Freyre believed theat brazil had the best?

A

race- the mixed race

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23
Q

Who did freyre think brazil was better than because they were mixed rce?

A

America

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24
Q

In relation to the contrast between the Good Neighbor policy and US policy during the cold war,, what was the Good neighbor policy?

A

The united states would no longer intervene militarialy in the internal affairs of neighboring nations regardless of who’s intrests were at stake. (fdr)

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25
Q

What were the two major reasons for the good neighbor policy?

A

econmics- allowed us to revise trade relation with latin american nations to boost us economy

Military alliance- counter the growth of axis powers, us looked to protect south america

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26
Q

In relation to the good neighbor policy

us citizens had to obey?

A

laws of the countries where the resided

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27
Q

In relation to good neighborh polcy how long did the nonintervention policy hold steady until?

A

1950s

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28
Q

The good neighbor policy made it so the us would no longer answer calls to?

A

Supportone or another side or efcen to supervise electins in the area

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29
Q

In relation to the us policy during the cold war, what was a threat to the US?

A

Communism

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30
Q

In relation to the us policy during the cold war, what did the US Fear about communism?

A

that it would infiltrate from the south

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31
Q

In relation to the us policy during the cold war, what did the fear of cimmunist intervention from the south (latin america) cause us to do?

A

intervene

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32
Q

Where and when did US interven in latin america during cold war?

A

Guatemala 1954 and cuba in 1961

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33
Q

In relation to the us cold war policy the CIA secretly intervened in guatameala in 1954 and overthrew?

A

The president

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34
Q

In relation to US’S cold war policy, cuba’s governemnt was abcked by?

A

soviet union

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35
Q

Because cubas gov was backed by soviet union the use subesequently did what?

A

Unsucessfully tried to subvert revolution through bay of pigs invasion by cuban exiles

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36
Q

What was the result of the failed bay of pigs operation?

A

Castro got soviet unionto place nuclear missles in cuba to defend the country against countinued threats fro US

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37
Q

Were the missles eventually removed?

A

YES

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38
Q

Where else were there CIA Subversins?

A

Chille and Nicaragua

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39
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, there was a bad concentration of?

A

Land

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40
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring,2% of population owned how much land?

A

75%

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41
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, there was lots of land owned by who?

A

UFC

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42
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, UFC had lots of?

A

Politial power

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43
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, one major cause was the conservative removal of ?

A

Dictatory Jorge Ubico

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44
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, Jorge Ubico was?

A

Very corrupt

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45
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, Who did Jorge Ubico have close ties to?

A

UFC

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46
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, The third major cause was?

A

Social aspect

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47
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, what social aspects contributed to thsh?

A

Low literacy

Unfair Laws for workers without their own land

landowners freey punished workers

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48
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to Guatemalan decade of spring, in relation to unfair laws for workers without their own land, workers had to serve?

A

100 days unpaid labor per yer and if they refused they could be executed or inprisoned by land owners

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49
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, there was an uprising i june 1944 by?

A

Student Labor groups

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50
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, In 1944 who removes Ubico and what happens as a result?

A

Military, progressive military comes into power

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51
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, what happened in March of 1945?

A

JJ Arevalo elected

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52
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, What happened as a result of the election of JJ avarelo?

A

New constoitution economic nationalism

abolished unpaid work

alows literate men and women to vote

political tolerance

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53
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, Who was elected in 1951?

A

Arbenz

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54
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, what happened as the result of the election of Arbenz?

A

Agrarian reform

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55
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, What was the agrarian reform?

A

Confiscated uncultivated land from private companies and redistributed to pesants

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56
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, in relation to agriarian reform, companies like UFC wouldn’t?

A

Use all land depending oin current market

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57
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, in relation to agriarian reform, Private companies were supposed to be ?

A

paid for the land the gov took, but only what they declared on taxes, which was lower than actual value

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58
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, in relation to agriarian reform, UFC had to give up how mucvh of their lan?

A

42% and against their wishes

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59
Q

In relation to Reforms introduced during the Gutemalan Decade of Spring, in relation to agriarian reform, as a resut of this land taing away from ufc what were the consequences?

A

UFC and Cia began to conspire against Arbenz

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60
Q

did the UFC nd CIA win?

A

Yes, they got arbenz to resign and put armas in power- agrarian reform reversed

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61
Q

In relation to the UFC: Economic and Political aspects, ufc had ____ revenue of guatemalan gov

A

double- therefore lots of political power

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62
Q

In relation to the UFC: Economic and Political aspects, UFC had relations with corrupt dictatorship of

A

Jorge ubico`

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63
Q

Considerable abuses to the native populations, cruel working conditions and disrespect for sustainable land practices = unpopular with local populations. Essentially monopolized and stripped land of resources, This describes?

A

The inited fruit company

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64
Q

In 1899 the creation of UFC came to symbolize what in latin america?

A

Widespread penetration and dominance of central america by foreigners

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65
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, What were the econimoic conditions?

A

Predominantly rural and agricultural

Mining tin

Chaco war

6% of population owned 80% of land

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66
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, wat was the importance of the mining tin?

A

Most important ecoomic activity

3 families owneed 80 % of mining production

LA ROSCA- MAFIA

67
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, What was the Chacoa war?

A

Bolivia war v paraguay and lost oil deposits to paraguay

68
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, 6% of population owned how much land in bolivia?

A

80%

69
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, Middle class did what?

A

Believed in economic nationalism so created there own political part: National Revolutionary movement

70
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, What political party did middle class make?

A

National Revolutionary Movement

71
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, The Ntional Rev Party was against?

A

La Rosca

72
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, The Ntional Rev Party in 195q did what?

A

NRM PAZ ESTENSSORO wins election

73
Q

What does NRM PAZ ESTENSSORO PUSH FOR?

A

Agrarian reform and moining deoligarchirization

74
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, and The Ntional Rev Party was the elite cool with agriagrian reform and mining de oligarchization?

A

no- So ther military (pro elite) come and take power

75
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, what happened in 1952?

A

Revolution against military dictatorship

76
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, an 1952 revolution how long did it last?

A

3 days

77
Q

In relation to conditions or factors that led to bolivian revolution, an 1952 revolution Esternsorro does what?

A

Regains power and comes back to create` reforms

78
Q

In relation to the consequences of Bolivian Revolution, the revolution happened without?

A

US intervention- acheived goals in a way that would appease US

79
Q

In relation to the consequences of Bolivian Revolution, Military dictatorship was?

A

defeated, Estenssoro coes vack and creates reforms

80
Q

In relation to the consequences of Bolivian Revolution, What were Estenssoros reforms?

A

Universial suffarage

Nationalization of tin inddustry

Pesants take land force gov to agrarian reform

reorganization of militray

careful cinstructive engagement with US GOOV

81
Q

In relation to the consequences of Bolivian Revolution, And estenssors reforms what did nationalization of tin industry entail?

A

Pays off la rosca for their land- 80% of land

82
Q

In relation to the consequences of Bolivian Revolution, and reforms what does it mean when pesants take land? how much was erdistrivuted was compensation given?

A

22% more land redistributred to pesnant s and compensatio given to fprmers owners to avoids us intervention

83
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba, US had close relationship wirh ?

A

Cuba

84
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba us’sc close relationship with cuba was because it was a prtal to america due to ?

A

Closeness and exports

85
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba, What were the main exports

A

taaccoo coffee sugar and poineapples

SUGAR MAIN EXPORTS

86
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba, what was the main industry in cuba?

A

Agriculture

87
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba what indistries were growing?

A

industrialization and manufacturing

88
Q

In relation to US influence in Cuba, Us had control over?

A

Cuban economy

89
Q

In relation to US’s control over cuban economy

__% of people were employed by us firms

___% of sygar production controlled by US copanies

A

90

47

90
Q

In relation ro US’S control of cuban economy what dies infrastructure entail?

A

US investmnet sin railroads and tourism

91
Q

Us’s involvement in tourmism shady dealings often?

A

offended cubans

92
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, in his early life his father was from ____ and comes to cuba as a soldier and stays

A

spain

93
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, Castro had an early invovement in politics with ?

A

University politics

94
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, castro was taught at a young age thatr spanish culture was ____ to US culture

A

superior

95
Q

What is the word that describes spanish culture being better than us culture

A

HISPANISMISM

96
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, What happened on July 26 1953:

A

Rebels failed assult on mincada barracks

97
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, what were the results of the failed assult on moncada barrakc in 1953?

A

Half of students were captured and killed 8 killed during atack

98
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, what was the reason for attack of moncada barracks/

A

were trying to capture weapons to use against at the time dictator bautista

99
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, as a result of the failed assult on Moncada, fidel and raou his brother were spared and exiled to mexico where they met?

A

che guevara

100
Q

Che Guevera coined the term Foquismo, what is Foquismo?

A

A theory under which revolutions were possible through guerrilla warfare when stemmin from a foco (rural poor location and in a country with poverty and social inequality

101
Q

A theory under which revolutions were possible through guerrilla warfare when stemmin from a foco (rural poor location and in a country with poverty and social inequality DESCRIBES WHAT?

A

Focquismo

102
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, Castro was trained in?

A

Guerrilla warfare

103
Q

In relation to Fidel castros political and military tactics, 80+ troops go to eastern cuba at one point because poor of the country are more?

A

Dissarisfied and its easier to get them on gurillea side

also bautista had fewer troops on eastern side

104
Q

In relation to castros time in eastern cuba, they struggled at first with nearly haflf the army being?

A

killed

105
Q

In relation to castros time in eastern cuba castro made connections with?

A

10 other dissedent groups

106
Q

Castro formed groupo called?

A

Revolutionary ictorate

107
Q

What was Castro effective at?

A

Propoganda

108
Q

What aer some ways Castro used propoganda?

A

Would give international interviews (including NYT) & had photos taken. Also organized radio broadcasts

109
Q

Castro’s revolution started to later on get supoort from?

A

Pesants and middle class

110
Q

Csstro plus soldier would atack?

A

Sugar plantations

111
Q

What would hapone when castro attacked sugar plantations?

A

destroy macheinery and crops but give tools to poor= pesant support

112
Q

Eventualy some of Baustistas troops were unmotivated and

A

deserted him

113
Q

in 1958 castro organizes meetinf of 11 grouos of rev dictorate and they all decide what?

A

Castro would be leader

114
Q

Castro posed as moderate but was actuall

A

Anti us and anti cuban military

115
Q

What were Castros and Rev Dictorates goals?

A

Liberty democracy and social justice

116
Q

Later 1958n US Pressure bautrists to resign, refuses and does what>

A

Holds a fake election

117
Q

January 1 1959 Bautista is removed bu?

A

US and cuban ,ilitary

118
Q

After bautista is taken out of rule in cuba who becomes new leader in 1959 in cuba?

A

Military cuban but decide castro should be temp prime minister

119
Q

What happens as a result of Castro being temp prime minister

A

Agrarian reform- un loves

Castro begins invlvement with USSR

120
Q

Why does castro engage with USSR?

A

They can provide cheap oil to cuba

121
Q

What does the us and uk think about castros involvement with sovet union?

A

Freak out

refineries owned by us and uk refuese to process societ oil
us reduces sugar quot( Hw much sugar people can by\uy

122
Q

How does Castro retaliate against US and UK?

A

No more US OR UK assets in cuba

123
Q

In dec of 1961 castro claims he is A ?

A

Marxist-Leninist

124
Q

What is the Alliance for Progress?

A

Implemented by JFK supposed to imporve us lantin american re;ation as well as to help latin america evlop

125
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, it was also suppoosed to be a ?

A

safegaurd against spread of cimmunism

126
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, US provided financial aid bu t also exprcted LA to heavily?

A

Pitch in

127
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, JFK wanted to spread his idea of ?

A

Modernization theory to LA

128
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, US opened a large number of?

A

Car plants in LA IN the 1960s

129
Q

What were the Alliance for progresses goals?

A

Economic development (redistribution)

social reform

Political stability

130
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, what were social reforms

A

Limited land redistribution more pubic ed, growth of middle class

131
Q

In relation to alliance for progress, what was political stability?

A

More rpresentativene democracy

132
Q

What are the necessarry conditions for foquisomo?

A

Poverty political discontent andf social inequality

133
Q

What was an Urban Gurilla

A

Charles Marighella (Brazil): better to start rebellions in more populated urban areas; accompanied with general discontent and guerilla provocation

134
Q

When was urban guirrlaa introduced and what happened?

A

1968 Marghellia killed in 69. Failure

135
Q

In relation to Salvadoran Dictatorship and Catholic Clergy, Catholic preists believed in what?

A

Liberation theology

136
Q

What is Liberation theology?

A

Interprettion of catholicism that opposed any form of oppression

137
Q

What does liberation theology favor?

A

Poor and decisions that were made in regard tio them

138
Q

Why was liberation theology differnt than in the past?

A

Because church used to side with elites not ppoor

139
Q

As a result of this liberation theology many preists were?

A

Killed bc siume supported gurillas

140
Q

What was a major solgan aimed at harming preistys?

A

be a patriot kill a preist

141
Q

What major preist was killed in slavador as a rult?

A

Archbnishop Oscar Romro

142
Q

In relation to Somoza rule in Nicaragua, who was it supported by?

A

US

143
Q

In relation to Somoza rule in Nicaragua, it was a ?

A

dynasty

144
Q

In relation to Somoza rule in Nicaragua, who were main leaders?

A

A. somoza garcia

Luis somoza

A somoza D

145
Q

In relation to Somoza rule in Nicaragua, Sandistas overthrew in?

A

1978-79 and took power

146
Q

In relation to Somoza rule in Nicaragua, how mnay people died fighting sandistas?= and somozas?

A

40-50,000

147
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism, chille originially had a ?

A

Democraticallty elected gov

148
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism who was elected president and was a docialst politician?

A

Salvadorr allende

149
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialismwhat did salvadoir allende believ ein?

A

Social reforms in democratic system

150
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism who was salvador allende the leader of

A

Popular unity aliance

151
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism allende Planned to do what?

A

Confisctae us companies such as IT&T and various copper and mining companies

152
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism there was a CIA sponsored coup in 1973 led by

A

GEN augosto Pinochety

153
Q

In relation to the chillean way to socialism what happened to Allende as a result of coup

A

Refused to leave power but was later killed during the coup

154
Q

In relation tot he role of catholic church in the favelas according to child of the dark, Brother Luiz was?

A

A clergyman from local catholic church

155
Q

In relation tot he role of catholic church in the favelas according to child of the dark Brother luiz does what

A

comes to favela to offer aid and religious instruction but vcarolina thinks he is blindn to the needs of poor

156
Q

She castigates clergymen for preaching sermons that are not only out of touch with the favela but may in fact be harmful. For example, one sermon advised favelados to have more children. Throughout the diary, Carolina repeatedly calls attention to the responsibility that those in power have shirked. In that sense, her diary acts as a corrective to the neglect that the favela has endured for so many years. (spark notes)

A

t

157
Q

Due to Carolinas mother having two illibgetimatye children she was exculted from?

A

Catjolic church

158
Q

What were the expressions of religioisity in the favelas according to child of the dark>

A

People often argued about religion
Carolina often thanks God for the little she does have
The thought of God and Jesus coming to resurrect and make things better comforts her
Comparisons of Bible to their reality: “When Jesus told the women of Jerusalem: “Don’t cry for me. Cry for your own selves,” his words were prophesizing the government of President Juscelino. A crown of thorns for the Brazilian people. A crown that the poor have to wear while eating what they find in the garbage or else sleep with hunger.”
Lots of praying
“she would pray every day that the woman should be happy and that she was going to teach the doll how to pray. I’m going to take her to Mass so she can pray for the woman to go to Heaven and not to have any painful illnesses.”
“When I woke up I thought: I’m so poor. I can’t afford to go to a play so God sends me these dreams for my aching soul. To the God who protects me, I send my thanks. “

159
Q

What were the racial and ethnic prejudices in the favelas according to child of the dark

A

carolina claimed she detested other blacks from her social class

lighter skin= better

corrupt cops

160
Q

What were the Prejudices among people from different barazillian regions within the favadelas according to chilod of the dark

A

Taunted by white patrons outside football stadium

Ruch business owners dunped rotten food in favela

people on outside dont understand how hard life is

the athorities ignore the favela is a garbarge dump

161
Q

In gyatemala in 1945 JJ averelo wa elected and created a progeram called arrevelismo which was?

A

spritual socialism

162
Q

In guatemala in 1946 what was JJ avarelos Social security act of 1946

A

workers’ disability insurance and maternity leave–Social Security Institute began enrolling employed persons for medical care and retirement benefits

163
Q

In gutemala in 1947 what was the labor law of 1947

A

up to date on workers’ rights, at least in urban areas

164
Q

What did JJ avarelo’s land reform do?

A

Helped pesants become better producers