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HIST 110: Latin American History > chap 1 > Flashcards

chap 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is it called latin america?

A

The main languages (spanish and portuguesse)originated in latin (the language of the romans

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2
Q

Where is south america?

A

Geographically only from the southern part of the americas (from venezuala to argentina)

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3
Q

How many nationalities are there?

A

There are 20 soverign nations

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4
Q

What are the three periods of latin american history?

A
  1. pre-cloumbian (60,000 bce- 1492 ce)
    2) colonial: 1492 ce- 1810s/20s
    3) modern (what this class covers 1820s - present
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5
Q

What is Latin american/?

A

Someone bborn in a latin american country (includes brazil)

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6
Q

What does the term hispanic mean>?

A

Commonly uses spanish language, does not include brazil because they sprewak portuguese

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7
Q

What does latino latina latinx mean?

A

Latin american and their decendents who live in the us tends to become racialized in the us

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8
Q

What does the term spanish mean?

A

People who are from spain

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9
Q

What are appropriate and inappropriate terms for immigrants in the US?

A

Appropriate: documented, undocumented, authorized or unauthorized

Inappropriate: Legal or illegal. this is a dehumanizing term often used in a racist context to reduce an immigrants entire identity and existence to their citizenship

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10
Q

Who is Francisco Pizarro?

A

Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the inca empire. He captured and killed incan emperor athulapa and claimed the lands for spain

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11
Q

What is the inca empire?

A

Pre columbian empire, also called the tuhuantisuyo and the four corners of the earth. It stretched from ecuador in the north to central chile in the south

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12
Q

What is Atahulpa?

A

The lasty sapa inca of the inca empire before the spanish conquest.

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13
Q

wHAT DID ATAHUALPA INHERIT FROM HIS FATHER SAPA INCA HUAYNA CAPAC IN 1525?

A

The kingdom of quito

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14
Q

Who was Huascar?

A

Brother of atahualpa died in a bloddy civil war between the two of them for domination of the inca empire in 1532

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15
Q

Who is hernando pizzarro?

A

Fransiscos brother, he first approached athalupa about a meeting

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16
Q

Who is Pedro Pizarro?

A

Another brother of Fransisco, who kept faith in the catholic god througout the battle with the incan warriors

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17
Q

Who is Vincente de Valverde?

A

Dominican Friar who invited Atahualpa to dine with the govenor and asked him to submit to the cathilic god and the spanish

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18
Q

What is the meaning of the “invitation november 15, 1532?”

A

Spanish forced enters cakamarca,

atahualpa surrounded and served by thousands of warriors – nstayed in his camp

  • a small troop of spaniards approached atahualpa

Hernanado pizzarro tells atahualpa their govenor would like to meet him and atahualpa agrees

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19
Q

What was the event putting faith in the catholic god nov 16 1532 about?

A

Atahualpa and an armed group of 5/ 6,000 warriors slowly moved towards cajamarca

pizzarros army was pittifully small by comparison and they prepared for an ambush

fransicos brother pedro asked a young soldier if he was sacared and the soldier said yes

pedro said have faith in god and that if they had faith would not be overcome by pagans

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20
Q

What major events transpired during atahualpas arrival?

A

vincent de valverde told atahualpa that his govenor invite him to come dine with him

atahualpa demanded that this govenor return everything his men had stolen and consumed since entering the kingdom ‘

valverde ignores and hands hum prayer book and aks him to submit to god

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21
Q

What happens with the capture of Atahualpa?

A

Atalupa was captured anfd when asking henando de soto why he wouldnt kill him he responseded that threy dont kill untill the battle is over , ataahualpa asked why they walked into san obvious trap, and hernanado responds that god was wth them

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22
Q

What happened during the spanish conquest of the nmoorish kingdom of granada in 1492

A

For abour 500 years the spanish had been trying to ris the ierian penisula of moors from africa

those africans were muslims anfd they had conquered a lot of christian spain i the 8th century

around ,010 years ago some small christian kingdoms in tehe north aling the cantabrian coast that had survived the moorish conquestlaunched the reconquista

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23
Q

When did the reconquista end and how?

A

1492 when the lastr moorish ruler of granada fell to the christian armies of queen isabelle of castile and king ferdinand of aragon

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24
Q

What were some of the motives of the reconquista and colonizing the new world?

A

Spanish society looked at wariors as the embodiment of christian endeavor and they were admoired as the ideal life— fighting moors for ultimate end of reconquering spain for christianity

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25
Q

Were there material motives for the reconquista and colonizing the new world?

A

Yes, wealth slaves, and land

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26
Q

Spain had an inbred conquest mentalty they focus so much on recounquering the moors for spain that when it was over the focused on—-

A

the new world

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27
Q

The native peoples of latin america were more ______in cukture, lifestyles, languagesetc than the ____

A

diverse, spanish

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28
Q

Who renanmed the azetec capiutal mexico city in 1519?

A

Hernana cortes

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29
Q

There were about 75 million native americans in the americas during times of conquest, how many were in mexico?

A

about 22 million

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30
Q

The natives ranged from _____ hunters and gateres to people who had domesticated crops and had a sedenary agriculture

A

Nomadic

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31
Q

When these follks no loinger had to move around what doid they build?

A

comlex civilizations with religious rituals, political organizations, artisans, and cities in central america, mexico and peru

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32
Q

What did the maya develop?

A

written language

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33
Q

What did the incas develop?

A

effecient state bureaucracy and empire

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34
Q

What did the aztecs develop?

A

A formidable war machine?

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35
Q

What is the conquest defined as?

A

Subjecation of american indians by spanish and portuguese warriors from europe

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36
Q

Colonization wasnt just a conquest by arms y the spanish also instilled their perspective, language, religion and cicilixzation on the indigenious cuktures t o f?

A

t

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37
Q

By mid century as a result of european diseases dislocation and demoralizwtion what percentage o f native americans were destroyed?

A

50 %

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38
Q

What is an example ofmiscegenation?

A

when the spanish would rape native women producing a chuld that is half spanish half american indian

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39
Q

What is micenegation?

A

The mixing of racial or ethnic types

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40
Q

What are mezitizos?

A

official name for the offspring of the spanish conquistadors having childre (raping) native woimen

41
Q

How did the king of spain rule over the spanish civilizations in america?

A

Through his council of the indies

42
Q

What were colonies divided into?

A

administrative entities called viceroyalties

43
Q

What geolocations did the viceroyality of new spain included

A

all of mexico, central america, and the carribean

44
Q

What is the capital of peru?

A

Lima

45
Q

The viceroyality of peru extended across?

A

All of the continent of south america excluding brazil which belinged to portugal

46
Q

What was equally as important to the secular administration during this tim?

A

Missonaries anfd preists pof the oman catholic church who arrived with the conquistadors

47
Q

Why dd christiian ministaries have an easy time converting people to christianity?

A

People felt betrayed by their pagan gods// churches were formed and thousands of baptims were performed

48
Q

did ameircan indian dieties and religious traditions survive after colonization?

A

Yes and they were incorporated into formal church worship to form new combined forms of worship

49
Q

Who was the secular clergy under the control of?

A

Spanish and portuguese monarchs through an arrangement called the real patronato/ royal patronage

50
Q

What did the church gain during this early period of colonizaton?

A

Tonds of converts and properties

51
Q

In the 19th century why did reformers and liberals have backlash towards the church

A

the people after the war of independence wanted to break its power not only as an immense property holder but as a dominate force of education and social services

52
Q

What precious metal cumulated a lot of wealth/ a flow of wealth from the spanish colonies for over 300 years>

A

Silvwer

53
Q

What did the spanish see this aquisition of wealth as?

A

an act of god

54
Q

Around the silvr mines what systems developed?

A

Pastoral systems and complex argrivcultyural systems that provided workers with food leather erc

55
Q

What did the argicultural and pastoral systems become a model for/?

A

land ownership

56
Q

The creole elite were not only at the top of the colonial social pyrimad but they also largely owned haciendas T O F

A

TRUE

57
Q

What did the colonial economy diversify to? (IE WHAT PRODUCTS DID THEY EXPORT)

A

Sugar, caco, indigo, and tabacco

58
Q

What is the council of the indies?

A

The most important administrative organ of the dspanish empire for the americas

59
Q

What is a viceroy?

A

A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a soveirgn nation

60
Q

What are viceroyalities?

A

a TERRIOTORY OWNED BY A VICEROY

61
Q

wHAT IS A REAL PATRONATIO?

A

aka. the royal patronage, and arrangement that put the secular clergy under the direct control of spanish and portuguese monarch

62
Q

What is a hacienda?

A

A large estate or plantation with a dwelling house

63
Q

What is a creole?

A

Spainards born in the new world of spanish parents

64
Q

What are pardos

A

People who are a mix of white black and american indian

65
Q

What is a mullatti

A

PERSON WHO IS A MIX OF BLACK AND EWHITE

66
Q

Whsat is a zambo?

A

Person who is a mox of black and native

67
Q

The mature colony 18th century

A

> By mid-18th century there was a sense of identity in colonial Latin America
Creoles, mestizos, pardos, and mulattoes, zambos, and other Americans of racial mix of Spainish, Native, and African basically saw themselves as Americans, Peruvians, Mexicans, or Chileans, relating to their place of birth versus their ancestors.
This sense of nationality was felt mostly by the Creole elites, only slightly sensed by Amerindians and slaves
This protonationalism would lead to the Wars of Independence in the early 19th century
The colonies were increasingly self-sufficient. They exported more and more amounts of stuff from fields, forests, and mines to European consumers but they were also producing stuff for themselves, like textiles, shoes, ships, and a variety of other items.
Export economy expanded a lot: salted beef and leather from Argentina; sugar from Cuba; cacao from Venezuela and Ecuador, indigo (a dye) from Guatemala and Mexico, woods from tropical Central America, and silver from Mexican mines. There was a lot of prosperity.
It was peaceful, but towards the end the revolutions in the U.S., France, and Haiti sparked the resentment and frustration about the injustice experienced by Creoles

68
Q

In relation to latin american imigration to the us, documented or authorized imigrants are those who?

A

Entered with inspection- valid visa

69
Q

In relation to latin american imigration to the us, undocumented or unauthorized imigrants…?

A

Entered without inspection or overstayed vis

70
Q

How many undocumented are there thought to be in the us?

A

Close to 11 million

71
Q

In relation to latin american imigration to the us, tHE TERMS ILLEGAL ALIENS OR ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS MEANS?

A

Narrow emphasis on regulations brokem- and it is extremely stigmatizing

72
Q

In relation to stigmitization: from the 1950s to 1980s immigrants from europe and canada ____ while imigrants from latin america, asia , and africa _____

A

Declined, increased

73
Q

The composition of immigrant flows is paralel to xenophobic reactions in the us t o f?

A

t

74
Q

In relation to the causes of latin american imigration to us, Internal political conflicts in lantin america are due i n part to,

A

US intervention, national security doctrineds, and restricted electoral systems

75
Q

In relation to the causes of latin american imigration to us, Economic globalization plays a deterimental role because..

A

it destroys subsistence farming and degrades agricultural work

76
Q

In relation to the causes of latin american imigration to us, “Neoliberal reform” do what?

A

Limit employment oppurtunities and social services

77
Q

In relation to the causes of latin american imigration to us, in Central america and mexico there is…?

A

violence associated with gangs, drug trafficking, and access to fire weapons

78
Q

In the 1990s the us expelled gang members from LA to ?

A

El Salvador

79
Q

What countries are above the average in countries that do not study or work?

A

Hondouras, guatemala, el salvador, clombia, and mexico

80
Q

In relation to 2016 homocide rates, what countries had the most servere rates of homocide?

A

Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Honduras, Guatemala

81
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US, up to the 1890s each state had…?

A

It’s own immigration laws

82
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US, immigration from mexco related to?

A

Labor demands

83
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US in 1848- 1930s there was an…?

A

Informal open boarder

84
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US , in 1942- 64 there became?

A

Parrelel extralegal immigration

85
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US In 1965- 86 what was implemented?

A

Proportional alotment of visas

86
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US In 1986 the immigration reform and control act did what?

A

Put in employer sanctions, intial amnesty which equalled into the continuing flow of immigrants

87
Q

In relation to legislation effecting Latin American Imigration to the US, In 2001 boarder security did what?

A

Tightened and increased xenophobic feelings( not exclusively against hispanics and latinos

88
Q

Over how many mexican/ central american immigrants in the US are undocumented?

A

About half

89
Q

Number of central american immigrants has increased steadily mainly due to…?

A

Violence and a lack1of economic opputrtunities

90
Q

in 2011 the authorized entry found that 159 non imigrant visitors entered the us with legal permission- 53.1 had a temporary visa and mor ethe ____ were mexican

A

1/3

91
Q

T O F? The us immigrant population has vastly increased since the 1990s but since around 2008 it has leveled off or even declined

A

T

92
Q

What are the prominent countries where unnacommpinied chldren are most likely tobe caught crossing the border from?

A

Mexico, el salvador, guatemala, honduras

93
Q

In relation to who benefits from undocumented immigrants in the us, employers of low wage labor such as?

A

Agriculture (25-90%, cnstruction, meatpacking services

94
Q

In relation to who benefits from undocumented immigrants in the us, one person would be Consumers of _____ goods and servcices

A

low cost

95
Q

In relation to who benefits from undocumented immigrants in the us, federal programs like ____ do

A

social security

96
Q

In relation to who benefits from undocumented immigrants in the us, The private [prison system does: for example, in 2011 the pps recieved ____ billion from the dederal government

A

1.4 million

97
Q

Wat are main private prisons organizations>

A

GEO group, Corections corporations of America, and Management anfd training corporation

98
Q

In relation to who benefits from undocumented immigrants in the us, What is an examplre of a private prison system in richmond>

A

Imi=migration centers of america owned by ken newsom, warren coleman and russelk harper

HIST 110: Latin American History (8 decks)

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