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1
Q

4 themes related to physiology
struture and function are closely related

living organisms need energy

information flow coordinates body functions
homeostasis and the control systems that maintain it

all of the above

A

all of the above –

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2
Q

which is not a component of negative feedback
sensor
integrator
effector
regulator

A

regulator –

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3
Q

system, alters existing feedback and other components over time to work better in a new situation.

A

acclimatization

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes excitable cells
Cells that maintain a constant membrane potential

Cells that can undergo rapid changes in their membrane potentials

Cells that are incapable of responding to stimuli

Cells that primarily function in the storage of energy

A

Cells that maintain a constant membrane potential

  • Cells that can undergo rapid changes in their membrane potentials

Cells that are incapable of responding to stimuli

Cells that primarily function in the storage of energy

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5
Q

Which of the following factors contributes to the faster propagation of action potentials?

Presence of myelination, which allows action potentials to jump from node to node

Small diameter fibers with high resistance to current flow

Unmyelinated fibers, which conserve energy by slower propagation

Increased resistance to current flow in large diameter fibers

A

Presence of myelination, which allows action potentials to jump from node to node

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6
Q

How many ATP are produced during the Citric Acid Cycle?
A.) 1

B.) 4

C.) 12

D.) 24

A

A.) 1

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7
Q

Which organelle is the cells microtubule organizing center?
A.) Cytoskeleton

B.) Nucleus

C.) Plasma membrane

D.) Centrosome

A

– D.) Centrosome

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8
Q

three components that make up the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules - movement via cilia or flagella

intermediate filaments - neurofilaments, skel muscles

microfilaments - extension of SA with acting and myosin

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a zone on a neuron
A. Input zone

B. Trigger zone

C. Conducting zone

D. Output zone

E. Terminal zone

A

A. Input zone

B. Trigger zone

C. Conducting zone

D. Output zone

E. Terminal zone

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10
Q

Temporal Summation is:
A. Multiple excitatory signals from the same axon cause an action potential

B. Excitatory signals from multiple axons at the same time cause an action potential

C. Multiple inhibitory signals from the same axon cause an action potential

D. Inhibitory signals from multiple axons at the same time cause an action potential

A

A

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11
Q

myelin-forming cells found in the central nervous system (CNS)

A

oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

Which cytoskeleton component is primarily involved in muscle cell contraction?

a. neurofilaments

b. microtubles

c. microfilaments

d. intermediate filaments

A

C

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13
Q

What is the main function of intermediate filaments in nerve cell axons?
a. form mitotic spindle

b. generate cell movement

c. strengthen and stablize

d. transport vesicles

A

c

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14
Q

Organisms that require oxygen continuously for survival are called _____________ aerobes.

A

obligate

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15
Q
  1. Describe one of the three charecteristics of carrier-mediated transport systems (specificty, saturation, or competition).
A

specificity
specific molecules

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16
Q
  1. Osmosis is when water moves from an area of _____ solute concentration to an area of _____ solute concentration.
A

lower to high

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17
Q

Which of these factors affect Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A. Surface Area

B. Concentration Gradient

C. Composition

D. A and B

E. A, B and C

A

d

18
Q
  1. Which of these steps are incorrect regarding the G-Protei Coupled Membrane Receptor Pathway?

A. Hormone binds with receptor and receptor attaches to the G protein.

B. Inactive G protein is on the inner plasma membrane containing an α, β, and y subunit.

C. α subunit is activated when GTP releases amd GDP attaches.

D. Acivated α subunit links with effector protein.

A

a

19
Q
  1. The key purpose of the Kreb cycle is to produce hydrogens for entry into the

(a) Glycolysis

(b) Citric Acid Cycle

(c) Electron Transport Chain

(d) Phosphorylation

(e) None of the above

A

c

20
Q
  1. Pyruvate is converted to _________ by removal of a carbon and formation of CO2 after glycolysis.
A

acetyl coA

21
Q
  1. What is the difference between divergent evolution and convergent evolution? Provide an example for each.
A

D- related spec evolves diff traits
Darwin’s finches

C- unrelated spec evol similar traits
winged creatures

22
Q
  1. Which of the following are organ systems?

A. Kidney system

B. Muscular system

C. Circulatory system

D. A and B

E. B and C

A

e

23
Q

What does Metabolism do under anaerobic conditions?

A. The O2 deficiency forces cells to rely on glycolysis

B. Pyruvate is converted to NADH

C. Pyruvate is converted to lactate

D. Both A and C are correct

A

c

24
Q
  1. During an action potential, Na+ channels have how many gates?

A. 0

B. 2

C. 3

D. 1

E. 4

A

b

25
Q
  1. Which of the following can increase surface area for recieving signals from other nerve cells

A. Input zone

B. Trigger zone

C. Axon hillock

D. Dendrites

E. None of the above

A

D

26
Q

are responsible for permeability changes during the action potential.

A

voltage gated ion channels

27
Q

Using Ficks law of diffusion, list 3 additional factors that affect the rate at which diffusion occurs.

A

temp
SA
membrane sickness

28
Q
  1. How are cytokines and pheromones different?
A

Pheromones are released into the environment
Cytokines are also signal molecules, but are made of peptides

29
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

a) 2 pyruvate

b) 2 NADH

c) 2 ATP

d) A and B

e) All of the above

A

e

30
Q

What type of molecule is organized in the centriole?

a) microfilaments

b) intermediate filaments

c) neurofilaments

d) microtubules

e) kinesin

A

d

31
Q
  1. The ICF and ECF are _______________ and have a low resistance to graded potentials.

a. Conductors

b. Insulators

c. Polar

d. Nonpolar

e. actively transporting

A

b

32
Q
  1. Order the following events in the correct sequence of what would occur during an action potential.

i. Resting potential, Na+ and K+ channels are closed

ii. Threshold is met and Na+ enters the cell, causing depolarization

iii. Na+ channels become inactive and K+ gates open, allowing K+ to leave the cell

iv. Closing of K+ channels is delayed and causes hyperpolarization fo the membrane.

v. K+ gates clsoe and resting membrane potential is restored.

a. ii > iii> i > iv > v

b. i > ii > iii > iv > v

c. ii> I > iv> iii > I > V

d. v > iv > iii > ii > i

A

b

33
Q
  1. What are the chemical signals released into the environment to reach sensory cells of other animals?

A. Hormones

B. Paracrines

C. Pheromones

D. Cytokines

A

c

34
Q
  1. The membrane model that depicts proteins floating freely in a “sea” of lipids is the ______.
A

fluid mosaic membrane

35
Q

is the separation of charges across the plasma membrane.

A

membrane potential

36
Q
  1. What are the components of a negative feedback system?

A. Sensor, Stimulator, Emulator

B. Stimulator, Receiver, Effector

C. Sensor, Integrator, Effector

D. Receiver, Integrator, Stimulator

E. None of the above

A

c

37
Q

. What is the main regulatory mechanism for homeostasis?

A. Negative feedback

B. Positive feedback

C. Extrinsic controls

D. Intrinsic controls

E. None of the above

A

a

38
Q

What is not a membrane-receptor channel?

Chemically gated
Voltage gated
Mechanically gated
Specifically gated

A

D

39
Q

What does the Na+ K+ pump transport?
3 K+ in for every 2 Na+ out
2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ out
2 Cl- in for every 3 Na+ out
3 Cl- in for every 2 Na+ out

A

b

40
Q

is a carrier-mediated transport that moves a substance against its concentration gradient

A

active transport

41
Q

What is the total ATP yield per molecule of glucose regarding the electron transport chain?
A. 2 ATP
B. 4 ATP
C. 10 ATP
D. 30 ATP
E. 50 ATP

A

d

42
Q

Microvilli increase _____ for transfer of materials across the plasma membrane.

A

SA

VP (10 decks)

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