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VP > Chapter 5 - 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sponges are the only animals

A

without neurons

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2
Q

simplest nervous system is

A

nerve net

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3
Q

nerve net located in the

A

Cnidarians

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4
Q

radially symmetric animals have

A

nerve ring

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5
Q

bilaterally symmetric animals have

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

Cnidarians have only nerve net, no

A

brain

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7
Q

Segmented animals have

A

chain of segmental ganglia

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8
Q

ganglia is larger in

A

arthropods

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9
Q

each thoracic and abdominal body segments have

A

one ganglion

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10
Q

segmented animals have

A

decentralized brain funct

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11
Q

evolutionary Trend towards

A

enlarged anterior region of CNS

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12
Q

most cephalopods, mollusks, and vertebrates have

A

most adv brains

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13
Q

ganglia are enlarged in adv brains and org into

A

lobes

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14
Q

vertebrate —— is related to —

A

brain size related to body size

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15
Q

cost of larger brain is offset by

A

smaller intestinal tract

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16
Q

larger brains with high quality diets

A

carnivores

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17
Q

small brained with low quality diets

A

herbivores

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18
Q

maternal energy hypothesis

A

brain size depends on allocation of maternal resources for fetal dev

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19
Q

organization of vertebrate nervous system

A

central nervous
peripheral nervous

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20
Q

CNS

A

Brain
spinal cord

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21
Q

PNS

A

nerve fibers extending to other parts of body

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22
Q

PNS parts

A

afferent division
efferent division

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23
Q

afferent division

A

carriers info from sensors to CNSe

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24
Q

efferent division

A

transmits instru from CNS to effector organs

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25
Q

PNS neuron parts

A

Afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons

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26
Q

Afferent neuron parts

A

sensory rec
peripheral axon
cell body
central axon

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27
Q

sensory receptors

A

at peripheral end

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28
Q

peripheral axon

A

extends from sensory rec to cell body

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29
Q

cell body

A

dorsal root ganglion outside CNS

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30
Q

central axon

A

extends from cell body into spinal cord

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31
Q

efferent neurons parts

A

dendrites
cell body
axon

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32
Q

dendrites

A

SA for signal and cell body in CNS

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33
Q

axon

A

projects to effectors organ

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34
Q

interneurons

A

lie entirely within CNS
integration of peripheral responses to peripheral info

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35
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

reg visceral activities

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36
Q

ANS divisions

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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37
Q

dual innervation

A

innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers

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38
Q

ANS divisions exert

A

opposite effects

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39
Q

sympathetic system

A

preparation for strenuous activity in fight or flights

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40
Q

sympathetic system functions

A

heart rate inc
respiratory open
fat broken down
pupils dilate
blood vessels

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41
Q

parasympathetic system

A

housekeeping activities in relaxed situations

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42
Q

PS examples

A

digestion
peeing

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43
Q

ANS consists of two neuron chain

A

preganglionic fibers
postganglionic fibers

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44
Q

preganglion fibers

A

extends from CNS to autonomic ganglion

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45
Q

postganglionic fibers

A

innervate effector organs

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46
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers originated in

A

thoraacic and lumbar region of spinal cord

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47
Q

sympathetic ganglia form

A

a chain along spinal cord

48
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

arise from cranial and sacral region of cord

49
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A

lie in or near effector organs

50
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

A

release acetylcholine

51
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

releases NE
(adrenergic fibers)a

52
Q

adrenal medulla

A

modified sympathetic ganglion
releases NE and epinephrine into blood

53
Q

autonomic neurotransmitter receptor types

A

cholinergic nicotinic rec
cholinergic muscarinic rec

54
Q

cholinergic nicotinic rec loc

A

postganglionic cell bodies in autonomic ganglia

55
Q

cholinergic nicotinic rec function

A

opens nonspecific cation channels when ACh binds

Na in, K out = depolarization

56
Q

cholinergic muscarinic rec loc

A

on effectors cells of parasympathetic system

57
Q

cholinergic muscarinic rec

A

five subtypes linked to G prt
activate second messenger system when ACh binds

58
Q

different receptor types for each autonomic neurotransmitter

A

adrenergic receptors

59
Q

adrenergic rec receptors

A

a1 rec
a2 rec
b1 rec
b2 rec

60
Q

adrenergic rec loc

A

effectors cells of sympathetic system

61
Q

adrenergic rec binding to g prt

A

epinephrine or NE

62
Q

a1 receptor

A

binds to NE
excitatory resp

63
Q

a2 rec

A

binds to NE
inhibitory response

64
Q

b1 receptor

A

binds equally to EP and NE
excitatory response

65
Q

b2 rec

A

binds epinephrine
inhibitory response

66
Q

skeletal muscles is innervated by

A

motor neurons

67
Q

motor neurons makeup

A

cell bodies
axons
axon terminal

68
Q

skeletal muscles controlled by motor regions of the

A

cortex
basal nuclei
cerebellum
brain stemm

69
Q

motor neurons are the

A

final common pathway

70
Q

motor neuron cell body

A

central horn of spinal cord or stem

71
Q

motor neuron axons

A

terminate on skeletal muscles

72
Q

motor neuron axon terminal

A

releases ACh
stimulates excitation
contraction of skeletal muscle fibers

73
Q

SNC glial cells

A

serve as connective tissue of CNS
half volume of brain

74
Q

glial cells function

A

maintain composition of ECF neurons

modulate synaptic funct

learning and memory

75
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia

76
Q

Astrocytes glial cells

A

most abundant
supports neurons

77
Q

Oligodendrocytes glial cells

A

myeline sheaths

78
Q

ependymal cells, glial cells

A

form cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

microglia, glial cells

A

immune defense of CNS

80
Q

protection of the CNS

A

Bony structures
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

81
Q

CNS bony structure parts

A

Cranium
vertebral column

82
Q

cranium

A

encases brain

83
Q

vertebral column

A

surrounds spinal cord

84
Q

meninges

A

three membranes btw bone and nervous tissue

85
Q

Meninges membranes

A

Dura mater
arachnoid mater
Pia mater

86
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

formed by selective transport across choroid plexus

87
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid function

A

channels within CNS create circulatory system

transport of chem messengers and waste removal

88
Q

cerebrospinal fluid circulates

A

the thr ventricles and canals of brain and spinal column

89
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions btw capillary endothelial cells in capillaries in body

90
Q

brain is

A

highly dep on constant blood supply

91
Q

brain cant produce

A

ATP in absence of O2

92
Q

brain uses – as fuel

A

glucose

93
Q

depriving of o2 from brain will result in

A

brain damage

94
Q

Neurogenesis

A

reproduction of neurons

95
Q

hippocampus

A

formation of spatial memory
dev of cognitive skills

96
Q

subventricular zone

A

regeneration of sensory cells of olfactory epithelium

97
Q

hypothalamus

A

cell division occurs in relation to environmental signals

98
Q

organization of vertebrate brain

A

brain stem
cerebellum
forebrain
cerebrum
basal nuclei
cerebral cortex

99
Q

brain stem

A

smallest
most ancient part

100
Q

brain stem sections q

A

medulla oblongata & pons
midbrain

101
Q

medulla oblongata and pons

A

control life-sustaining processes

102
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates reflex responses to sight and sound

103
Q

cerebellum

A

changed little with evolution

104
Q

cerebellum funct

A

maintain proper position of body
coordinates motor activity

105
Q

forebrain

A

most changed

106
Q

fore brain parts

A

diencephalon
hypothalamus
thalamus

107
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls many homeo function

108
Q

thalamus

A

relay station

109
Q

cerebrum

A

larger
highly convoluted in vert. species

110
Q

cerebral cortex

A

motor cortex
sensory cortex
association cortex

111
Q

motor cortex

A

movement

112
Q

sensory cortexes

A

sensory perception

113
Q

association cortexes

A

memory
integration
planning
self-awareness
lang
personality

114
Q

Three embryological regions

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

115
Q

3 embryological regions give rise to adult

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

VP (10 decks)

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