Questionnaires

Question 1

What are self-report techniques?

Answer 1

Methods in which participants answer questions themselves

Question 2

What are questionnaires?

Answer 2

Set of questions a recipient has to fill out

Question 3

What are the two types of data?

Answer 3

Quantitative- Numerical
Qualitative- Words and sentences

Question 4

What are features of a questionnaire?

Answer 4

• Clarity- Clear (opposite of ambiguous) so that participants understand , operationalise (Explain difficult terms)

Pilot study- Small scale study conducted on smaller group of participants to resolve any potential error such as ambiguous questions

* Likert scale- Ranking scale , each preference should be given a rating "On a scale of 1-10, how much do you agree?" Open questions involve more free answers, participants are able to elaborate on their opinions and reasoning.
* Attitude scales- Involve yes/no response 

* Filler Questions- Irrelevant questions reduce chance of participants figuring out the aim, reduces demand characteristics 

* Bias- Shouldn't be given leading questions which may indicate the viewpoint you want recipients to have and may result in demand characteristics. 

* Sequence of questions- Hard questions at the start mean that recipient may rush questionnaires as they believe the rest of the questionnaire will be like this.

Question 5

What are the two types of questions?

Answer 5

Type of questions
○ Closed questions have fixed, pre-set answers, for example a tick box, they gain quantitative data. There is limited detail which can be gained, participants may also find it frustrating if the pre-set answers don’t accommodate for their viewpoint/experience.

○ Open questions Allow for free response, this will allow for answer to be elaborated and for opinions to be justified, this gains qualitative data , can lead to subjective analysis by researcher (Researcher bias)

Question 6

AO3 FOR OPEN Q’S

Answer 6

Strength
High quality, detailed data
Qualitative data
Realistic/ accurate response
Allows respondent to express themselves
Detailed responses

Limitations
Qualitative data harder to analyse
Completion and analysis can be more time-consuming
Requires Subjective (Qualitative, opinion-based) interpretation of answers

Question 7

AO3 FOR CLOSED Q’S

Answer 7

Strengths
* Gives definitive data
* Gains quantitative data , easier to statistically analyse
* Quick to do and interpret
* Objective Data and interpretation- Quantitative, factual data (Less bias)
Limitations
* Lacks detail
* Questions can be leading
Unclear if respondent has understood

Question 8

What are issues with designing questionnaires?

Answer 8

People may lie if they misunderstand, rushing through, Intentional lies (Social desirability bias- Changing answer to present yourself in a more desirable/different light). Affects Validity of their answers.

Question 9

What is validity?

Answer 9

Accuracy

Question 10

What are the types of validity?

Answer 10

Face Validity- Whether it makes sense in terms of construct being measured/ aim.
Predictive Validity- Valid measure of a construct such as intelligence , should accurately be able to predict same construct in the future a score on a high intelligence test should score with educational success. Use answers to accurately predict future events.
how well the measurement of one variable can predict the response of another variable.
Concurrent Validity- Compare to another test/ questionnaire measuring the same construct/topic.
Concurrent- Done at the same time

Question 11

What is reliability?

Answer 11

Consistency

Question 12

What are the types of reliability?

Answer 12

Internal and external reliability
Internal reliability- refers to the extent to which all parts of the tool measure the same thing (Questions consistently asking about same thing, questions may not match topic but this doesn’t affect reliability)

External reliability- refers to consistency of measure over time (Over time, similar results are being retrieved)
Milgram’s questionnaire had this

Question 13

How to you check reliabilty?

Answer 13

Test-retest method-Same people are given same questionnaire at different occasion
Measuring external reliability

Split-half method- Randomly splitting questions into two halves and comparing findings of both halves during analysis . If all questions are measuring same concept, both halves should achieve same score/results.
Two ways- Give it to same person and have them do each half
Measuring internal reliability