Multi-store model Flashcards
What is sensory memory?
Modality free encoding
Sensory information- Information from the Five senses, from the environment/stimuli- Sight/iconic memory, sound/echoic memory, touch/hepatic memory, smell, taste .
Attended information from sensory store is transferred to short-term memory store.’
What does Sperling suggest about sensory memory?
Sperling 1960- suggests that sensory memory capacity is small and duration is extremely small
Information can only be held for 1/10th of a second (Very limited Duration)
A small amount of information can be stored (Capacity)
What us Sperling 1960 experiment?
Sperling’s research uses Whole or partial report techniques to support the sensory store.
Displaying a visual array (Arrangement) of letters for 1/10th of a second and then directing participants to recall specific row of letters , recall is precise but rapidly decays if there’s a delay before the direction.
The finding supports idea of a limited duration and capacity of sensory memory as participants couldn’t recall information due to the fact that duration is 1/10th of a second. The longer the delay, the less accurate the recall was as the information went over the duration and decayed.
Supports idea of small capacity participants recalled 4.32 letters of array
Draw/ Sketch the multi-store model
What is short-term memory?
Short chunks of information for a short amount of time.
Limited capacity (5-9 items of information) and limited/short duration (15-30 seconds)
Rehearsed information from short-term store is transferred to long-term store
(Limited Duration)
Encoding of Short-term memory- Registered in visual form but is then Held in verbal form. Acoustically encoded
Acoustic- Verbal form
What is Peterson and Peterson (1959)?
Peterson and Peterson (1959) provides support for duration of short-term memory. Investigated short-term memory decay using interference task (Task that prevents rehearsal), Participants had to remember trigram (set of three) of consonants for 3,6,9,12,18 seconds. Trigram was read out and participants were given a number from which they had to count backwards in threes, correct trigram recall was likely after a short interval, but recall performance dropped after 15-18 seconds. Concluded that STM decay occurs over a period of 15 seconds depending on whether interference task prevented rehearsal.
What is evidence to support capacity of STM?
Miller used digit span experiments and found that STM has capacity of 7 items and struggles to hold more than 9 items, supports idea that capacity of STM is 5-9 items.
What is evidence to support encoding in STM?
Alan Baddeley (1966) conducted laboratory experiment on sequential recall of ten words in a list which were either acoustically or semantically related. In the case of testing STM he used Acoustically similar words, which included words such as cap, hat, or sack and acoustically dissimilar words which included words such as cow, dad, or le. Results concluded Acoustically similar words were harder to recall than acoustically dissimilar words, supporting acoustic encoding of short-term memory
What is Atkinson and Shiffrin?
(Phenological similarity)
Atkinson and Shiffrin believed that memory trace in short-term store was held in auditory/verbal form because of phenological similarity effect, letters and words of similar sound presented to participants are more difficult to recall than dissimilar sounding words/letters.
Similarity of sounds leads to confusion in short-term store suggesting that encoding of this store is acoustic.
What is LTM?
Atkinson and Shiffrin Beliefs
Brown and McNeil
Long-term memory-Storing large amounts of information for a long amount of time
Atkinson and Shiffrin believed that long-term memory existed for all sensory modalities, memory for taste, sounds, smells, sight, etc. In the 1968 model they proposed that multiple memory copies were in long-term store
Brown and Mcneil, states a tip-of the tongue phenomenon where they state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.
Encoding in Long-term memory- Semantic encoding and acoustic encoding
Dependent on rehearsal process.
Duration of long-term memory
Potentially a lifetime
Capacity of long-term memory
Potentially infinite
What is evidence to support encoding in LTM?
(Baddeley)
Encoding in LTM
Alan Baddeley (1966) also supports (mainly) semantic encoding in long-term memory. He conducted laboratory experiment on sequential recall of ten words in a list which were either acoustically or semantically related. In the case of LTM, Baddeley tested Semantically similar words such as big, large, or huge and Semantically dissimilar words, words such as hot, pen, or man.
Semantically similar words were more difficult to recall from LTM than acoustically related words 9.6% of similar sequences were recalled as opposed to 82.1% of dissimilar words,
What is evidence to support duration in LTM?
Duration in LTM
Bahrick 1975 investigated very long-term memory using series of memory tests on names and faces of students in high school yearbooks. 400 participants aged 17-74 were tested. Identification of names and faces were 90% accurate within 15 years of leaving school and 70-80% accurate after 48 years of leaving school. Although memory deteriorates over time, long-term memory for faces and names remains.
What is evidence to support capacity of LTM?
Capacity of LTM
Bradley showed participants 2,500 objects over course of 5.5 hours, shown pairs of objects and were asked to identify which of the two they’d seen.
When original object was paired with very different object, identification was 92%,
When original object was paired with similar object, identification was 88%.
When original object was depicted in different angle, identification was 87%. Thousands of images can be successfully retained in LTM.
What is evidence to support encoding in LTM?
(Atkinson and Shiffrin)
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1965) explain this based on quizzing graduate students on capital cities of US States. Student couldn’t recall capital of Washington immediately but when he recalled that Oregon’s capital was Salem, he recalled Olympia was capital of Washington, student said he remembered due to learning capitals together, they were recalled as an associated pair that was semantically/temporally related.
Describe and Evaluate Multi-Store model of memory
Evaluate the Multi-store model of memory.
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed the multi-store model of memory as an explanation for memory. They suggest that memory is divided into 3 separate, unitary stores where information is transferred between them.
The sensory store has a limited capacity and duration of 1/10th of a second. Sperling 1960 provided credible evidence for this using whole or partial report techniques where participants could recall, on average 4.32 letters. Sperling included a delay before his instruction, the longer the delay, the less accurate the participant recall was, Sperling concluded that sensory memory duration was 1/10th of a second
If attention is paid to sensory store, the memories will be transferred to short-term memory. Short-term memory has a duration of 15-30 seconds and capacity of 5-9 items, it encodes acoustically. Peterson and Peterson (1959) provide credible evidence using trigrams, they noticed that when the interference task was longer than 15 seconds, the recall of trigrams decreased due to STM duration being 15-30 seconds. Muller did a digit span test and noticed that participants were able to recall 7 digits but struggled after 9 items.
If information in STM is rehearsed, then it is transferred to Long-term memory. The LTM encodes semantically and has a potentially unlimited duration and capacity. Bradley showed participants 2,500 objects over course of 5.5 hours, and asked them to identify objects, when object was placed near different object, recall was 92%, when placed near a similar object, recall was 88%, when original object was at a different angle, recall was 87%. Clive Wearing provides contrasting evidence as he had suffered retrograde amnesia but could still remember how to play piano, which suggests that LTM is a non-unitary store.
The MSM has strong, credible, research-based basis however there has been case studies such as Clive Wearing and other evidence which suggests the stores are non-unitary.
