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Chemistry > Quantitive Stuff (paper1) > Flashcards

Quantitive Stuff (paper1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is theoretical yield

A

Maximum mass of a product can be formed from a given amount of a reactant

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2
Q

What is percentage yield

A

The actual yield is the actual mass of product formed a reaction

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3
Q

What is the equation for percentage yield

A

=actual yield divided by theoretical yield x 100

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4
Q

What is the equation for moles

A

Moles = mass divided by RFM

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5
Q

What is atom economy

A

A method of showing how efficient a particular Reaction makes use Of the Atoms in the reactants

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6
Q

What does atom economy show

A

Mass of useful products by percentage

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7
Q

What’s the atom economy equation

A

RFM of useful product divided by the sum of RFMs of all reactants

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8
Q

Why is the atom economy usually not 100%

A

Either something reacted with something to make a waste product, or some gases escaped from the closed system, or some product is left behind on apparatus

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9
Q

What is Avogadro’s number/the value of 1 mole

A

6.02x10 to the power of 23

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10
Q

What is gas measured in

A

Dm cubed

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11
Q

What is 1dm cubed equivalent to

A

1 litre or 1000cm cubed

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12
Q

If gases are at the same temp and pressure, then what else will they have to same

A

Same amount of particles

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13
Q

What is molar gas volume

A

The volume occupied by one mole of molecules of any gas

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14
Q

What is the molar gas volume at rtp

A

24dm cubed

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15
Q

What does rtp mean

A

Room temp and pressure

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16
Q

What is the equation for volume of gas

A

Amount of gas(mol) x molar volume

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17
Q

What is the equation for amount of gas

A

Volume divided by molar volume

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18
Q

How do you change dm cubed to cm cubed

A

Multiply by 1000

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19
Q

How do you change cm cubed to dm cubed

A

Divide by 1000

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20
Q

What is the equation for concentration

A

Mass of solute in grams divided by volume of solution in dm cubed

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21
Q

What is another equation for concentration

A

Number of moles of solute divided by the volume of solution in dm cubed

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22
Q

What’s the definition of a fertiliser

A

A fertiliser provides mineral irons to facilitate plant growth and replace nutrients in soil that have already been absorbed by plants

23
Q

What are important elements to plants

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

24
Q

What form must the fertiliser be in to be absorb

A

A soluble form(liquid)

25
Q

What part of the plant absorbs the fertiliser

A

Root hair cells

26
Q

What is a source of a soluble nitrogen compound

A

Nitrogenous fertilisers

27
Q

What is ammonium nitrate

A

A salt manufactured by reacting ammonia solution with dilute nitric acid

28
Q

How is nitric acid manufactured

A

It is manufactured from ammonia in stages

29
Q

How is ammonium sulphate made

A

In a laboratory by reacting ammonia solution with dilute sulphuric acid

30
Q

Explain the process of making ammonium sulphate in a lab

A

It is on a small scale and uses titration. It’s also made in batches

31
Q

Explain the process of making ammonium sulphate in a factory

A

Large scale, several stages and it’s continuously made

32
Q

Name the 4 factors affecting equilibrium

A

Temp
Pressure
Concentration
Catalyst

33
Q

What can the 4 factors also affect

A

The rate of reaction

34
Q

Where do factors affecting equilibrium only happen

A

In a closed system

35
Q

What are some of the factors that chemical manufacturers have to take into consideration while making their product

A

It needs to be the appropriate amount of yield in an appropriate amount of time
They sometimes don’t allow the reaction to go to equilibrium if it will take ages and cost lots

36
Q

What does a percentage yield calculation give no indication of

A

The amount of waste products

37
Q

How can you improve the atom economy

A

Find uses for the by-products

38
Q

Why should you measure the volume if something from the bottom of a meniscus

A

To avoid a error

39
Q

What is concentration

A

The amount of solute dissolved in a stated volume of solution

40
Q

What are acid-alkali titration used for

A

To find the exact volume of acid that neutralises a specific volume of alkali or vice-versa

41
Q

What is a mole ratio

A

The ratio in moles of a the substances in a balanced equation

42
Q

What could happen to plants if they are mineral-deprived

A

Have stunted-shoots or discoloured leaves

43
Q

Where is ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid brought in from for laboratory making of ammonium sulphate

A

Chemical manufactures

44
Q

Where is ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid brought in from for industrial production making of ammonium sulphate

A

It isn’t brought in, it’s made on site from their raw materials

45
Q

Why is the industrial process of making ammonium sulphate stopped occasionally?

A

For maintenance and cleaning of the machinery

46
Q

What factors effect the reaction pathway that is chosen

A

Availability and cost of raw materials and energy supplies
Rate of reaction and equilibrium position
Atom economy, yield and usefulness of by-products

47
Q

In the past, what way was nitric acid made

A

Using the Birkland-Eyde process

48
Q

What was wrong with the Birkland-Eyde process

A

It’s yield of nitrogen monoxide was only 4% and it used huge amounts of energy

49
Q

What method is now used for making nitric acid

A

The Ostwald process

50
Q

What do chemical cells have

A

Two different metals, each dipped into a solution of one of their salts and a salt bridge to allowed dissolved ions to pass from one solution to another

51
Q

Where do chemical cells store their reactants

A

Inside

52
Q

Where do fuel cells store their reactants

A

They don’t, they get them from the outside

53
Q

Do fuel cells go flat

A

No as they produce a voltage for as long as reactants are supplied

54
Q

Why are hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and electric motors better than petrol and Diesel engines

A

They are quieter and need less maintenance

Chemistry (15 decks)

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