Electron Shells and Bonding (paper 1 and 2) Flashcards
Are electrons evenly spread
No
What do electrons exist in
Layers know as shells or energy levels
What the arrangement of electrons in shells called
Electron configuration
How many electrons can the 1st shell hold
2
How many electrons can the 2nd shell hold
8
How many electrons can the 3rd shell hold
8 electrons
How many electrons can the 4th shell hold
2 but 18 in A Level
What charged are the protons(2)
+ve
What charge are electrons
-ve
Name the different types of bonding
Ionic, metallic and covalent
What’s ionic bonding
Non metal and metal
What’s covalent bonding
Non metals
What’s metallic bonding
Metals
What’s the definition of bonding
Atoms joint in 3 different ways
What happens when metals react
They lose their outer shells to leave a full electron shell
What does ionic bonding produce
Charged atom with a +charge
How are ionic lattices formed
Oppositely charged ions are attracted into lattices
If an element gains an electron it has what charge?
Negative
What’s the definition of an ionic bond
Oppositely charge ions held together by a strong electrostatic attraction
What are some properties of an ionic substance
Most dissolve and they do not conduct electricity when a solid
What is a covalent bond
A shared pair of electrons
What are simple molecules held together by
Weak molecular forces
What do simple molecular structures have
Low melting and boiling points
What kind of atoms form giant structures
Carbon
What are different arrangements of the same element called
Allotropes
What is an allotrope of carbon
Diamond
Does diamond conduct electricity
No
What is in between the layers of graphite
A sea of delocalised electrons
What do giant structures have
High melting and boiling points
What are the outermost electrons on a metal free to do
Move
What is the definition of metallic bonding
The attraction of positive metal ions to a sea of electrons
What are metals not
Brittle
What’s the RFM definition
The sum of the masses of the atoms in a substance
What’s the empirical formulae
It’s the simplest ratio of the elements in the formula
What can you do to a formula
Simplify it down
How much is one mole equal to
6.02x10 to the power of 23
What’s one mole also equal to?
The rfm of the substance in grams
What’s the equation for moles
Number of moles=mass in grams divided by the RFM
Look at empirical formulae
—
What is the total mass of reactants the same as
The total mass of the products
What is the mass equation know as
Conservation of mass
What’s stoichiometry
The ratio of substances in an equation
What are fullerenes
Allotropes of carbon, that are simple molecules
How many bonds do each carbon atom have in fullerenes
3
What shape are fullerenes usually
Tubular or spherical
What type of forces do fullerenes have
Weak intermolecular forces
Name some properties of fullerenes
Low melting points, soft and slippery
How are the molecules themselves strong in fullerenes
Due to strong covalent bonds
What type of molecule is graphene
Not simple
What does graphene have in terms of composition
A sheet of carbon atoms with no fixed formula
What is the lightest known material
Graphene
Why is graphene strong but a good conductor
It’s strong due to the strong covalent bonds and a good conductor due to the free electrons
How many bonds does graphite have
3, so a layered structure and not all carbon atoms are bonded
What is graphite also used as
A lubricant
Why is graphite used for electrodes
It’s cheap and a good conductor
How many bonds does diamond have
4, so there are no free binds therefore a good insulator
What does diatomic mean
It has two of the same atom
