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Chemistry > Hydrocarbons, alkanes and alkenes (paper 2) > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons, alkanes and alkenes (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group responsible for

A

The chemical properties

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2
Q

What colour is bromine water

A

Brown-orange

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3
Q

What happened when bromine water is mixed with alkenes

A

A chemical reaction turns it colourless

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3
Q

What happens when bromine water is mixed with an alkane

A

It does not cause decolorisation

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3
Q

Why does the bromine water test work

A

Because the carbon double bond reacts with the bromine to form a colourless product. So the bromine is removed and therefore loses its colour

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4
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

A reaction in which reactants join to form one larger molecule and no other products

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5
Q

What is ethanol’s formula

A

C2H5OH

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6
Q

What is ethanol made up from

A

Sugars

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7
Q

What must starch (a long polymer) be broken down into before being made into alcohol

A

Sugars

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8
Q

What happens during germination

A

The enzymes in seeds naturally turn starch into sugars

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9
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose -> ethanol + co2

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10
Q

What should be controlled during fermentation

A

Temperature and pH so the enzymes work properly

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11
Q

Why does air need to be kept out during fermentation

A

Because it’s anaerobic respiration

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12
Q

Up to what percentage of alcohol does fermentation produce

A

15% otherwise higher kills the yeast cells

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13
Q

How do we obtain higher percentages of ethanol

A

By fractional distillation

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14
Q

What is the boiling point of ethanol

A

78 degrees

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15
Q

Why does this fractional distillation work

A

Because ethanol’s boiling point is lower than waters

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16
Q

What distillate has the highest percentage

A

The first

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17
Q

Organic compounds have what of a central framework

A

Carbon atoms

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18
Q

What is the alcohol formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

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19
Q

What are some properties of alcohols

A

Produce carbon dioxide and water during complete combustion
Can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
React with reactive metals to form hydrogen gas

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20
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

The -OH group

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21
Q

Name some uses of alcohols

A

Solvents for cosmetics
Medical drugs
Varnishes

22
Q

Methanol and ethanol are sources of what

A

Renewable sources of energy

23
Q

What is the formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

24
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

The -COOH group

25
Q

Name some properties of carboxylic acids

A

Form solutions with a pH less than 7
React with metals to form hydrogen and a salt
React with bases to form a salt and water
React with carbonates to form co2, water and a salt

26
Q

What are polymers

A

A large molecule made from many small molecules called monomers

27
Q

What is polymerisation

A

The process in which monomers join together

28
Q

A polymer has a high average what

A

Relative molecular mass

29
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

The process in which monomers join together by breaking one of the double bonds

30
Q

What’s the repeating unit

A

The ways of showing how a monomers can change and repeat

31
Q

Name a synthetic polymer

A

Polythene

32
Q

Name two naturally occurring polymers

A

DNA, starch and proteins

33
Q

What monomers is dna made from

A

Nucleotides

34
Q

What monomers are proteins and starch made up of

A

Starch - sugar

Proteins - amino acids

35
Q

What are the properties and uses of polythene

A

Flexible, cheap, good insulators

Plastic bags, cling film

36
Q

What are the properties and uses of polypropylene

A

Flexible, does not shatter

Buckets, bowls, crates

37
Q

What are the properties and uses of polyvinyl chloride

A

Tough, good insulator

Window frames, gutters and pipes

38
Q

What are the properties and uses of polytetrafluoroethene

A

Tough, slippery

Non stick frying pans, kitchen utensils

39
Q

What are many plastics made up of

A

Polyesters

40
Q

How are polyesters made

A

By condensation polymerisation

41
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

When monomers join together by breaking a double bond, then eliminating a small molecule such as water

42
Q

What is the esters functional group

A

-COO-

43
Q

How is -COO- drawn

A

With the two oxygens bonding to the carbon but one with a double bond

44
Q

When are esters formed

A

When a carboxylic acids reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst

45
Q

What is a polyester

A

A long chain molecule with many ester links

46
Q

On an Ester, where do the two functional group have to be

A

At the ends of the molecule

47
Q

Name another type of condensation polymer

A

Polyamides

48
Q

What is polyester used for

A

Clothes

49
Q

What does it mean if a material is biodegradable

A

It will rot because microbes can feed on them

50
Q

How is some waste disposed of

A

Incinerated and turned into energy

51
Q

What do all plastic produce

A

Carbon dioxide

52
Q

How can we reduce the amount of waste

A

By reusing bags or recycling

53
Q

What will recycling help preserve

A

The source of oil

Chemistry (15 decks)

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