Fuels (paper 2)

Question 1

Name two natural resources

Answer 1

Natural gas and crude oil

Question 2

What is a finite resource

Answer 2

They won’t last forever, there is limited supply due to them either being made very slowly or not at all

Question 3

What is crude oil a complex mixture of

Answer 3

Hydrocarbons

Question 4

What is a hydrocarbon made up of

Answer 4

Hydrogens and carbons

Question 5

How many covalent bonds can a carbon make

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Name two uses of crude oil

Answer 6

Feedstock and fuels for vehicles

Question 7

What is natural gas a mixture of

Answer 7

Hydrocarbons in gas state

Question 8

What is natural gas useful for

Answer 8

Cooking

Question 9

Name three things that can be obtained from crude oil

Answer 9

Diesel, petrol and kerosine

Question 10

What is meant by non renewable

Answer 10

We are using them up fast than they are being made

Question 11

How can more useful forms of crude oil be obtained

Answer 11

By fractional distillation as the different hydrocarbons have different melting points

Question 12

Where does industrial fractional distillation occur

Answer 12

In an industrial fractionating column

Question 13

The separate liquids and gases are called what

Answer 13

Oil fractions because they are only part of the crude oil

Question 14

The hydrocarbons in the gases fractions have the lowest what

Answer 14

Viscosity and are the easiest to ignite

Question 15

Bitumen is solid at what

Answer 15

Room temp and also waterproof

Question 16

What is bitumen and the gases used for

Answer 16

Bitumen is used for surfacing roads and the gases are used as fuels

Question 17

What are the compounds in crude oil mostly

Answer 17

Alkanes

Question 18

What are alkanes

Answer 18

Hydrocarbons with one covalent bond

Question 19

What does a homologous series have in common

Answer 19

Gradual variation in physical properties

Similar chemical properties

Question 20

What is the general formula for alkanes

Answer 20

CnH2n+2

Question 21

Give an example of an alkane

Answer 21

Ethane is C2H6

Question 22

What do alkanes produce when they react with excess oxygen

Answer 22

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 23

Explain combustion

Answer 23

Hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air when they burn, which is oxidation

Question 24

Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is when

Answer 24

Only carbon dioxide and water is produced

Energy is given out

Question 25

When does incomplete combustion happen

Answer 25

When there is limited air or oxygen

Question 26

What happens during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon

Answer 26

Water is produced Energy is given out but less than complete Carbon monoxide and carbon are produced

Question 27

During incomplete combustion, what can carbon be released as

Answer 27

Smoke or soot

Question 28

Why is carbon monoxide toxic

Answer 28

It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells which stops oxygen from being combined

Question 29

Why is soot a problem

Answer 29

It can block pipes carrying waste gases, blackens buildings and causes breathing problems if it collects in the lungs

Question 30

What makes acid rain acidic

Answer 30

Sulphur dioxide

Question 31

What is sulphur dioxide in hydrocarbons know as

Answer 31

An impurity

Question 32

What is done with these impurities

Answer 32

Mostly removed at oil refineries to reduce environmental impacts

Question 33

What are some affects of acid rain

Answer 33

Crops won’t grow if the soil is too acidic, prevents fish eggs from hatching if water courses are too acidic, increases the rate of weathering on buildings and corrosion of metals

Question 34

Name an atmospheric pollutants that is made by engines

Answer 34

Nitrogen oxides

Question 35

What is an affect of nitrogen dioxide

Answer 35

It can cause respiratory issues such as bronchitis

Question 36

What is used by oil refineries to meet supply with demand

Answer 36

Cracking

Question 37

What does cracking involve

Answer 37

Breaking covalent bonds in hydrocarbon molecules

Question 38

What is used during cracking

Answer 38

A catalyst using aluminium

Question 39

Which of the alkanes and alkenes are saturated and unsaturated

Answer 39

Alkanes are saturated and alkenes are unsaturated

Question 40

Why is petrol used for cars

Answer 40

It is easily ignited, liquid at room temp and releases a large amount of energy during combustion

Question 41

What can also be used to fuel cars

Answer 41

Hydrogen

Question 42

How is this hydrogen produced

Answer 42

It is a by product of cracking or by reacting methane with steam

Question 43

Why is hydrogen good for fuel

Answer 43

It produces no greenhouse gases, ignited easily and produces large amounts of energy in combustion

Question 44

Why is hydrogen also bad

Answer 44

Because it’s a gas at room temp and is harder to store unless under high amounts of pressure

Question 45

How does the worlds atmosphere composition change

Answer 45

By living organisms

Question 46

What was the early atmosphere thought to be like

Answer 46

Mainly carbon dioxide with little of no oxygen

Question 47

What helped form the early atmosphere

Answer 47

Volcanoes

Question 48

Which other planets are made up of volcanoes

Answer 48

Venus and mars

Question 49

What was another theory about the early atmosphere

Answer 49

That it was 98%+ nitrogen

Question 50

How were the oceans formed

Answer 50

The earth cooled down and condensed all the water vapour

Question 51

Why is there a lot of evidence that there was no oxygen in the early atmosphere

Answer 51

It’s not produced by volcanoes, and that iron pyrite is only formed with an absence of oxygen

Question 52

How did oxygen levels start to rise

Answer 52

Once microorganisms were around they started to produce oxygen that oxidised iron in the sea. Once all the iron was oxidised oxygen could be released into the atmosphere

Question 53

What is a hypothesis about the reducing levels of carbon dioxide

Answer 53

That it dissolved in the oceans and sea creatures used it t make shells

Question 54

What was one of the earliest photosynthetic organisms

Answer 54

Cyanobacteria

Question 55

What did this bacteria produce

Answer 55

Stromatolites as layers of sand and sediment from the shallow ocean got caught in the sticky mucus

Question 56

What percentage of the earths atmosphere is oxygen

Answer 56

21%

Question 57

What does the earth emit

Answer 57

Infrared waves

Question 58

What is the greenhouse affect

Answer 58

When gases in the atmosphere trap infrared waves and send them back to earth

Question 59

Name some greenhouse gases

Answer 59

Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

Question 60

What is there a strong correlation between

Answer 60

CO2 levels and the surfaces temperature

Question 61

What does this correlation not mean

Answer 61

That there is a casual link ( one causes another )

Question 62

Why are modern thermometers better

Answer 62

Because they are less prone to error and have a greater resolution

Question 63

What produces a lot of methane

Answer 63

Livestock and rice paddy fields, all due to bacteria

Question 64

What will rising global temperatures cause

Answer 64

The poles to melt and for ocean levels to rise

Question 65

What will move due to flooding

Answer 65

Animals, and they may not survive in their new habitats

Question 66

What will happen to the weather during climate change

Answer 66

It will be more extreme like heavy rainfall and very hot summers

Question 67

How does coral get bleached

Answer 67

When the seas temp rises which causes coral to push out photosynthetic algae that lives in its tissue