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Chemistry > Fuels (paper 2) > Flashcards

Fuels (paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two natural resources

A

Natural gas and crude oil

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2
Q

What is a finite resource

A

They won’t last forever, there is limited supply due to them either being made very slowly or not at all

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3
Q

What is crude oil a complex mixture of

A

Hydrocarbons

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4
Q

What is a hydrocarbon made up of

A

Hydrogens and carbons

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5
Q

How many covalent bonds can a carbon make

A

4

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6
Q

Name two uses of crude oil

A

Feedstock and fuels for vehicles

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7
Q

What is natural gas a mixture of

A

Hydrocarbons in gas state

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8
Q

What is natural gas useful for

A

Cooking

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9
Q

Name three things that can be obtained from crude oil

A

Diesel, petrol and kerosine

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10
Q

What is meant by non renewable

A

We are using them up fast than they are being made

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11
Q

How can more useful forms of crude oil be obtained

A

By fractional distillation as the different hydrocarbons have different melting points

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12
Q

Where does industrial fractional distillation occur

A

In an industrial fractionating column

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13
Q

The separate liquids and gases are called what

A

Oil fractions because they are only part of the crude oil

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14
Q

The hydrocarbons in the gases fractions have the lowest what

A

Viscosity and are the easiest to ignite

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15
Q

Bitumen is solid at what

A

Room temp and also waterproof

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16
Q

What is bitumen and the gases used for

A

Bitumen is used for surfacing roads and the gases are used as fuels

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17
Q

What are the compounds in crude oil mostly

A

Alkanes

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18
Q

What are alkanes

A

Hydrocarbons with one covalent bond

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19
Q

What does a homologous series have in common

A

Gradual variation in physical properties

Similar chemical properties

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20
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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21
Q

Give an example of an alkane

A

Ethane is C2H6

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22
Q

What do alkanes produce when they react with excess oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

Explain combustion

A

Hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air when they burn, which is oxidation

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24
Q

Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is when

A

Only carbon dioxide and water is produced

Energy is given out

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25
Q

When does incomplete combustion happen

A

When there is limited air or oxygen

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26
Q

What happens during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Water is produced
Energy is given out but less than complete
Carbon monoxide and carbon are produced

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27
Q

During incomplete combustion, what can carbon be released as

A

Smoke or soot

28
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic

A

It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells which stops oxygen from being combined

29
Q

Why is soot a problem

A

It can block pipes carrying waste gases, blackens buildings and causes breathing problems if it collects in the lungs

30
Q

What makes acid rain acidic

A

Sulphur dioxide

31
Q

What is sulphur dioxide in hydrocarbons know as

A

An impurity

32
Q

What is done with these impurities

A

Mostly removed at oil refineries to reduce environmental impacts

33
Q

What are some affects of acid rain

A

Crops won’t grow if the soil is too acidic, prevents fish eggs from hatching if water courses are too acidic, increases the rate of weathering on buildings and corrosion of metals

34
Q

Name an atmospheric pollutants that is made by engines

A

Nitrogen oxides

35
Q

What is an affect of nitrogen dioxide

A

It can cause respiratory issues such as bronchitis

36
Q

What is used by oil refineries to meet supply with demand

A

Cracking

37
Q

What does cracking involve

A

Breaking covalent bonds in hydrocarbon molecules

38
Q

What is used during cracking

A

A catalyst using aluminium

39
Q

Which of the alkanes and alkenes are saturated and unsaturated

A

Alkanes are saturated and alkenes are unsaturated

40
Q

Why is petrol used for cars

A

It is easily ignited, liquid at room temp and releases a large amount of energy during combustion

41
Q

What can also be used to fuel cars

A

Hydrogen

42
Q

How is this hydrogen produced

A

It is a by product of cracking or by reacting methane with steam

43
Q

Why is hydrogen good for fuel

A

It produces no greenhouse gases, ignited easily and produces large amounts of energy in combustion

44
Q

Why is hydrogen also bad

A

Because it’s a gas at room temp and is harder to store unless under high amounts of pressure

45
Q

How does the worlds atmosphere composition change

A

By living organisms

46
Q

What was the early atmosphere thought to be like

A

Mainly carbon dioxide with little of no oxygen

47
Q

What helped form the early atmosphere

A

Volcanoes

48
Q

Which other planets are made up of volcanoes

A

Venus and mars

49
Q

What was another theory about the early atmosphere

A

That it was 98%+ nitrogen

50
Q

How were the oceans formed

A

The earth cooled down and condensed all the water vapour

51
Q

Why is there a lot of evidence that there was no oxygen in the early atmosphere

A

It’s not produced by volcanoes, and that iron pyrite is only formed with an absence of oxygen

52
Q

How did oxygen levels start to rise

A

Once microorganisms were around they started to produce oxygen that oxidised iron in the sea. Once all the iron was oxidised oxygen could be released into the atmosphere

53
Q

What is a hypothesis about the reducing levels of carbon dioxide

A

That it dissolved in the oceans and sea creatures used it t make shells

54
Q

What was one of the earliest photosynthetic organisms

A

Cyanobacteria

55
Q

What did this bacteria produce

A

Stromatolites as layers of sand and sediment from the shallow ocean got caught in the sticky mucus

56
Q

What percentage of the earths atmosphere is oxygen

A

21%

57
Q

What does the earth emit

A

Infrared waves

58
Q

What is the greenhouse affect

A

When gases in the atmosphere trap infrared waves and send them back to earth

59
Q

Name some greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour

60
Q

What is there a strong correlation between

A

CO2 levels and the surfaces temperature

61
Q

What does this correlation not mean

A

That there is a casual link ( one causes another )

62
Q

Why are modern thermometers better

A

Because they are less prone to error and have a greater resolution

63
Q

What produces a lot of methane

A

Livestock and rice paddy fields, all due to bacteria

64
Q

What will rising global temperatures cause

A

The poles to melt and for ocean levels to rise

65
Q

What will move due to flooding

A

Animals, and they may not survive in their new habitats

66
Q

What will happen to the weather during climate change

A

It will be more extreme like heavy rainfall and very hot summers

67
Q

How does coral get bleached

A

When the seas temp rises which causes coral to push out photosynthetic algae that lives in its tissue

Chemistry (15 decks)

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