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Hematology Module 2 > Quantitative WBC Abnormalities (Part 2) > Flashcards

Quantitative WBC Abnormalities (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4.5- 11.5 x10^9/L

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2
Q

Definition of leukocytosis

A

any WBC over 11.5 x10^9/L

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3
Q

3 general mechanisms for all types of leukocytosis

A
  1. Cells from BM (increased flow from BM)
  2. Shift of cells from Marginal Granulocyte Pool to Circulating Granulocyte Pool
  3. Decreased outflow of cells from blood
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4
Q

5 Physiological causes of leukocytosis

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Stress
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Labor
  5. (shift from MGP to CGP) ?
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5
Q

6 Pathologic causes of leukocytosis

A
  1. disease or tissue damage
  2. Infection
  3. Toxins (drugs, chemicals)
  4. Necrosis (MI, burns, surgery)
  5. Hemorrhage
  6. Hemolysis
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6
Q

Definition of Lukemoid Reaction

A

Excessive leukocytosis

  • WBC > 50.0 x 10^9/L WITH a left shift
  • shift to the left in myeloid series - immature cells in PB
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7
Q

Two types of leukemoid reactions

A

Neutrophilic and Lymphocytic

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8
Q

Production of bands, myelos, metas - sometimes difficult to differentiate from chronic myelogenous leukemia and occurs with infections, hemolysis, and burns

A

Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction

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9
Q

Produces lymphs- maybe be hard to distinguish from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and these reactions can occur in Pertussis, mononucleosis, and viral infeactions

A

Lymphocytic leukemoid reaction

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10
Q

CML v.s. Leukemoid reaction

- increase in what cells

A

CML: increases in all granulocytes including eos and basos
Leukemoid: Increase in granulocytes BUT it is uncommon for increases in eos and basos

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11
Q

CML v.s. Leukemoid reaction

- Dyspoietic morphology (mixed granulation)

A

CML: Dyspoietic morphology
Leuk: No dyspoietic morphology

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12
Q

CML v.s. Leukemoid reaction

- platelets

A

CML: Giant and hypo granular platelets
Leuk: Normal platelet morphology

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13
Q

Define Leukoeythroblastosis

A

Presence of both immature neutrophils and nucleated RBCs in the peripheral blood

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14
Q

Cause of Leukoeythroblastosis

A

Caused by a space occupying lesion in the bone marrow

fibrosis, metastatic tumor, lymphoma, leukemia

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15
Q

Define Leukopenia

A

less than 4.5 x10^9/L

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16
Q

Mechanisms of leukopenia

A
  1. Decreased flow of cells from bone marrow
  2. Shift from CGP to MGP
  3. Increased outflow from blood
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17
Q

Causes of leukopenia

A
  1. Viral infections
  2. Drugs (some antibiotics, chemotherapy)
  3. Radiation
  4. Hematologic disorders (pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, myelodysplatic syndromes- MDS)
18
Q

What is a relative value?

A

% of cell type in specified volume

19
Q

What is an absolute value?

A

of cell type in specified volume

20
Q

Calculation for the Absolute Value

A

Absolute= total WBC x % cell type

add up segs and bands for neutrophil count

21
Q

Definition of Neutrohilia

A

Increase in Neutrohils; greater than 8.1 x 10^9/L

22
Q

Neutrophilia may be caused by: (4)

A
  1. Physiologic: stress,exercise, pregnancy
  2. Acute Infection, usually bacterial
  3. Chonic Inflammation - gout, rheumatoid, arthritis, burns
  4. Steroids - cause demarginalization and inhibit neutrophil apoptosis
23
Q

Definition of Neutropenia

A

Decrease in neutrophils; less than 2.3 x 10^9

24
Q

Neutropenia mechanisms (3)

A
  1. Decreased BM production
  2. Shift from CGP to MGP
  3. Increase in rate of outflow of neuts from blood
25
Q

Neutropenia severity

  • Severe with increased risk of infection
  • Increased risk of auto-infection
  • Very serious risk, reverse isolation and/or prophylactic antibiotics
A
  • less than 1.5 x 10^9/L
  • less than 1.0 x 10^9/L
  • less than 0.5 x 10^9/L
26
Q

Eosinophilia Definition

A

Increase in Eosinophils above 0.6 x 10^9/L

27
Q

Eosinophilia may be caused by: (5)

A
  1. Allergic responses
  2. Skin Disorders
  3. Parasitic infections, especially helminths (worms)
  4. Infectious disease
  5. Hematologic disorders
28
Q

Definition of Eosinopenia

A

A decrease in eosinophils is usually not significant and is difficult to measure

29
Q

Eosinopenia is caused by: (3)

A
  1. Stress
  2. Bacterial and viral infections
  3. Steroids
30
Q

Definition of Basophilia

A

Increase in basophils above 0.2 x10^9/L

31
Q

Cause of basophilia (3)

A
  1. Allergies
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Myeloproliferative Neopalsm (NPM)
32
Q

Definition of Basopenia

A

A decrease in basophils is difficult to measure and is not significant

33
Q

Basopenia is caused by: (3)

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Stress
  3. Infection
34
Q

Monocytosis definition

A

Increase in monocytes above 1.3 x 10^9/L

35
Q

Monocytosis is caused by (3)

A
  1. Hematologic disorders (MDS, AMML, CMML, AMoL)
  2. Connective tissue disorders
  3. Infections
    - Recoverry from acute infection is a good prognosis
36
Q

Definition of Monocytopenia

A

Decrease in monocytes below 0.1 x 10^9/L

37
Q

Causes of monocytopenia 2

A
  1. Hairy cell Leukemia

2. Counts fall transiently after administration of prednisone

38
Q

Definition of Lymphocytosis

A

Lymphocytosis depends upon age
Adults: >4.8
Children: >11.1

39
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis (3)

A
  1. Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV most common)
  2. Infectious lymphocytosis
  3. Bordetella pertussis - children
40
Q

Definition of Lymphocytopenia / Lymphopenia

A

Adults < 0.8

Children < 1.5

41
Q

Lymphocytopenia is caused by

A
  1. Immunologic disorders - SCID, DiGeorge Syndrome
  2. Chemotherapy, Radiation
  3. Immunosuppressive agents - steroids

Hematology Module 2 (14 decks)

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