Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, & Function Flashcards
3 forms of cell production
Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, and Megakaryopoiesis
A bacterial infection will most likely cause a dramatic increase in which cell line?
Neutrophils
2 forms of leukopoiesis
Myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Bone Marrow
this theory suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell
Monophyletic Theory
Growth factors and ______ are terms that can be used interchangeably
cytokines
these are a group of soluble proteins that modulate the functional activites of other cells; responsible for stimulation or inhibition of RBC maturation
cytokines
an essential cytokine in the early stages of hematopoiesis because stimulates cell proliferation
C-Kit; aka Stem Cell Factor
what does GM-csf stand for?
Granulocyte Macrophage
What does Meg-csf stand for?
Megakaryocyte
what does G-csf stand for?
Granulocyte
What does M-csf stand for?
Monocyte
How can colony stimulating factors be used in patient care?
To start production of different cell lines
Cytokines that exhibit multiple biologic activities including regulation of autoimmune and infammatory reactions and hematopoiesis
Interleukins
2 examples of interleukins
IL-3 and IL-6
Interleukin that controls production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages
IL-3
Interleukin that stimulates myeloid and lymphoid cell linneages
IL-6
programmed cell death
apoptosis
accidental cell death
necrosis
as cell matures what two things happen?
Decrease in cell size and decrease in N:C ratio
What specific changes occur in the nucleus during cell maturation?
loss of nucleoli, decrease in size, condensation of chromatin, possible shape changes, possible nucleus ejections
What specific changes occur in the cytoplasm during cell maturation?
Decrease in basophilia, increase in amount of cytoplasm, and granules may appear
This cell has a nucleus with 2-5 nucleoli, moderate basophilia with less than 5 granules, and is not present in peripheral blood; these cells are increased in leukemia
Myeloblast
These cells have a round to oval nucleus with 1-3 or more nucleoli, slightly coarser chromatin than myeloblast, basophilic cytoplasm with few red to purple primary granules and no secondary granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions
Promyelocyte
Primary granules are composed of ________
Myeloperoxidase
Secondary granules are composed of _______
LAP
These cells have a round to oval nucleus that may have one flattened side, nucleoli not ususally visible, coarse chromatin, and is more condensed that promyelo; the cytoplasm is slightly basophilic but starting to turn pink due to granules; these are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions
Myelocyte
This cell has an indented nucleus, nucleoli are not visible, and chromatin is coarse and clumped; cytoplasm is pink; not found in peripheral blood under normal conditions
Metamyelocyte
this cell has a band shaped nucleus which is constricted but no threadlike filament; cytoplasm is pink; and ______% are found in peripheral blood
Band; 0-6%
This cell’s nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by thin filaments and is found in the peripheral blood as _______%
Seg; 50-70%
Two Pools in the bone marrow
Proliferation (mitotic) pool and maturation (storage) pool
a left shift causes cells to be pushed out of the _______ pool 1st
maturation
_______ stimulates neutrophils in the BM to enter the peripheral blood
G-csf
loosely attached to the endothelial lining of small capillaries or sequestered in the spleen or liver
Marginal pool
collected in venipuncture in the peripheral blood; neutrophils are split equally between the marginal and this pool
circulating
neutophils that have migrated into tissues from the peripheral blood in response to infection or inflammation
Tissue pool
part of the innate immune system, no memory against rexposure; MAJOR FUNC: Phagocytosis of bacteria
Neutrophils
neutrophil recruitment to the inflammatory site
chemotaxis
5 steps of the leukocyte adhesion cascade
1 capture 2 rolling 3 slow rolling 4 firm adhesion 5 transmigration
in this step chemoattractant activates endothelial cells; draws leukocytes to a position closer to the endothelium of the blood vessel
Capture
in this step the WBC’s transiently adhere to the endothelilum and begin to roll
Rolling
cell adhesion molecule; expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells
P-selectin
this step requires expression of E-selectin on endothelium and CD18 integrin in lipid bilayer of WBC
Slow Rolling
receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and the tissue
integrins
process where adhered WBC escapes from the interior of the blood vessel through the endothelium
transmigration
half life of neutrophils in the blood is ______ hours bfore they are removed by the RES
6-8
Eosinophil maturation mirrors ________ maturation stages
neutrophil
antigen presenting cells; regulate immune response by controlling mast cell function; increased in parasitic infections; allergic disorders such as asthma and food allergies
Eosinophils
believed to share a common progenitor cell with eosinophils derived from the CMP; usually only divided in two phases, mature and immature
Basophils
these cells mature in the tissues and are NOT leukocytes; similar to basophils but bigger
Mast cells
What is the main difference between basophils and mast cells if they BOTH originate in the bone marrow and BOTH are major players in allergic inflammation?
Basos mature in the bone marrow and mast cells mature in the tissue
share a GMP with neutrophils; originate in the bone marrow; storage pool is in the spleen but like neutrophils they have a circulating and marginal pool
Monocyte
3 stages of monocytes
Monoblasts (indistinguishable from myelos), promonocytes, and monocytes
Functions of monocyte/macrophage
innate immunity (phagocytosis), adaptive immunity (Ag presenting to T and B cells), and housekeeping (remove debris, storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis)
The storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis or the erythroblastic island are also known as what?
nurse cells of sideroblasts
What 2 types of immunity do lymphs provide?
Innate and Adaptive immunity
these do not need to be presented with antigen and are part of the innate immunity of lymps
natural killer cells
These cells are presented with an antigen and have to respond; one provides cellular immunity and one provides humoral immunity
cellular=T Cells / humoral=B cells
B cells develop in the bone marrow and have what 3 stages?
Pro-B, Pre-B, and Immature B
What is the primary function of B cells?
Antibody production (and can play a role in antigen presentation to T cells)
After immature B cells leave the BM and travel to lymph nodes they are presented with antigen and either become memory B-cells or effector B cells, also known as what?
Plasma cells
These develop in the thymus and regulate immune response
T cells
What are the 3 stages of maturation for T cells?
Pro-T, Pre-T, and Immature T cell
These develop in the thymus and bone marrow; their PRIMARY function is killing tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization because they are a part of the innate immune system
Natural Killer Cells
