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Hematology Module 2 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Where is pleural fluid found

A

lungs

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3
Q

Where is pericardial fluid found

A

heart

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4
Q

Where is peritoneal fluid found

A

abdominal organs

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5
Q

Where is synovial fluid found

A

joints

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6
Q

normal volume of CSF in an adult

A

90-150 mL in adults

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7
Q

What is the name given to the change in color of a supernatant, caused by the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

Xanthochromia

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8
Q

CSF for neonates

  • white blood cell count
  • lymphs v.s. monos
A
  • 0-27 cells/cumm

- more monos then lymphs

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9
Q

CSF white blood cell count for adults

A

0-5/cumm

- 70% lymphs and 30% monos

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10
Q

an increased cell count, particularly an increase in white blood cell (WBC) count, in a bodily fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

pleocytosis

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11
Q

Bacterial meningitis leads to increase in

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

Viral meningitis leads to an increase in

A

lymphocytes

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13
Q

Acute leukemias lead to increase in

A

blasts

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14
Q

Lymphomas lead to an increase in

A

lymphoma cells

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15
Q

Cerebral hemorrhage (including strokes) lead to increase in

A

pollys, monos, macrophages

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16
Q

Correcting for a traumatic tap (formula 1)

A

subtract 1 WBC per 500 RBCs counted

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17
Q

Correcting for a traumatic tap (formula 2)

A

WBC count - [WBCblood x (RBCcsf/RBCblood)]

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18
Q

Cytospin preps are made on all ______ specimen regardless of _______ ________

A

CSF

Cell Count

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19
Q

How do you make a Cytospin slide?

A

add one drop of 22% albumin and 5 drops of fluid to make the cytospin prep

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20
Q

What type of serous body fluid accumulates due to a pathologic state such as infection or malignancy

A

Exudate

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21
Q

abnormal collection of fluid in a cavity

A

Effusion

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22
Q

accumulate due to a systemic disease state

A

transudates

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23
Q

Causes of transudates (4)

A

Congestive Heart Failure
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Hypoproteinemia of the nephrotic syndrome
Liver failure

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24
Q

Accumulate due to a primary pathologic state

A

Exudates

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25
Q

Examples of causes of Exudates

A

bacterial infections, viral infections, neoplasms, trauma, noninfectious inflammatory conductions (RA), collagen vascular disease (SLE)

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26
Q

Serous fluids are ultra filtrate of what?

A

plasma

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27
Q

systemic causes of effusions and the underlying mechanism

A
  1. increase capillary HP

2. decrease plasma oncotic pressure

28
Q

local causes of effusions and the underlying mechanism

A
  1. increased capillary permeability

2. decreased lymphatic resorption

29
Q

Specific gravity for transudates and exudates

A

T is < E is >

1.015

30
Q

Total protein for transudates and exudates

A

T is < E is >

3.0 g/dL

31
Q

LDH for transudates and exudates

A

T is < E is >

200 IU

32
Q

LDH activity ratio for transudates and exudates

A

T is < E is >

0.6

33
Q

cell count for transudates and exudates

A

T is < E is >

1000/microL

34
Q

Chylous Effusion

A

Trigs >110mg/dl

35
Q

If chylomicrons are present that = ______

If cholesterol crystals are present = ______

A

Chylous Effusion

Pseudochylous Effusion

36
Q

Chylous Effusions are obstruction of ____ ____ from lymphoma, neoplasm, or surgery

A

Lymphatic system

37
Q

Pseudochylous effusions are ______ conditions such as RA and often have higher concentration of ____ than serum

A

inflammatory

cholesterol

38
Q

Normal Cells in serous fluids

A
  • lymphocytes
  • mono-histocytes (macrophages)
    • siderophages
    • erythrophages
    • Signet Ring Cells
  • mesothelial cells
39
Q

Serous Fluid is straw colored to yellow clear, what does that mean?

A

normal

40
Q

Serous fluid is cloudy to hazy, what does that mean?

A

Infectious process

41
Q

Serous fluid is bloody, what does that mean?

A

malignancy or trauma

42
Q

Serous fluid is milky what does that mean?

A

chyle (lipids)

43
Q

macrophages containing siderotic (iron) granules

A

Siderophages

44
Q

macrophages that have phagocytize RBCs

A

Erythrophages

45
Q

macrophages that have phagocytize large amounts of lipids

A

signet ring cells

46
Q

These cells are neutrophils that have phagocytized a naked nucleus showing a homogenous, smooth chromatin pattern

A

LE Cells

47
Q

Malignant cell facts (4)

A
  • form clusters
  • irrecgular or jagged
  • chromatin is unevenly distributed
  • unclear to cytoplasmic ratio is higher than normal
48
Q

Normal cells found in synovial fluid (7)

A
  • monos/macs (60%)
  • lymphocytes (30%)
  • neutrophils (10%)
  • LE Cells
  • Cartilaginous cells
  • Malignant
  • Synoviocytes
49
Q

Purpose of hyaluronidase when analyzing synovial fluid

A

Synovial fluid is viscous, containing hyaluronic acid, adding hyaluronidase fixes that?

50
Q

What are the groups of the synovial fluid classification?

A
  • Normal
  • Group 1 - Noninflammatory
  • Group 2- Inflammatory
  • Group 3 - Septic
  • Group 4 - Hemorrhagic
51
Q

How do you perform a BAL?

A

Warm saline introduced into the lungs and then withdrawn

52
Q

BAL cell findings

- Histiocytes

A

may have carbonaceous material from smokers (black, brown, or blue-black)

53
Q

BAL cell findings

- Pneumocystic jiroveci

A

common in specimens from HIV patients (may look like amorphous material)

54
Q

Cells found in BAL (8)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • no mesothelial
  • pneumocytes
  • ciliated epithelial cells
  • histocytes
  • pneumocystis jiroveci
55
Q

Cells found in CSF

A
  • lymphocytes
56
Q

Lymphocytes found in all body fluids but what?

A

BAL

57
Q

Neutrophils are abnormal in all body fluids but what?

A

BAL

58
Q

Monocytes are normal in all body fluids but what?

A

NONE! normal in all

59
Q

Leukemia/Lymphoma cells are most common in what?

A

ALL and some AML

60
Q

Rice bodies are found where and are made of what?

A

in synovial fluids and composed of collagen covered by fibrinous tissue

61
Q

Monosodium Urate see in what?

A

gout

62
Q

Calcium Pyrophosphate crystals seen in what?

A

pseudo-gout

63
Q

MSU look on polarizer

A

bright needles strongly birefringent

64
Q

CPP look on polarizer

A

rhomboidal and weakly birefringent

65
Q

Red compensator is used MSU crystals appear yellow when ____ to axis and blue when ______

A

parallel

perpendicular

66
Q

If the opening pressure is low in collection of spinal fluid, it leads to__________,_________

A

Reduced volume and block above the puncture site

66
Q

If the opening pressure is high in collection of spinal fluid, it leads to__________,_________,_______,_______,______

A 
High volume
CNS hemorrhage
Malignancy
Hydrocephalus
Meningitis

Hematology Module 2 (14 decks)

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