Quality Mgmt Flashcards
What is the process of quality mgmt?
Plan quality
Peform quality assurance
Perform quality control
What are key outputs of Plan Quality process?
Quality Mgmt Plan
Quality Metrics
Quality Checklists
Process Improvement Plan
Projet Document Updates
What are key outputs of Perform Quality Assurance process?
Change requests
Updates to the project mgmt plan and project documents
Organizational process assets updates
What are key outputs of the Perform Quality Control process?
Quality control measurements
Validated changes
Validated deliverables
Change requests
Updates to the project mgmt plan and project documents
What is the definition of quality?
The degree to which the project fulfills requirements
What does gold plating mean?
Adding extra items and services that do not necessarily contribute added value or quality to customer deliverables
What is marginal analysis?
An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached
An analysis to determine the point where incremental revenue from improvement equals the incremental cost to secure it
What is a process improvement plan?
A plan for analyzing processes used on the project to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer satisfacton
What are quality metrics?
Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the Perform Quality Assurance and Perform Quality Control processes
What does continuous improvement mean?
The ongoing enhancement of a product or service through small, continouos imprvements in quality
How much inventory is maintained in a just in time environment?
How does this affect attention to quality?
Little inventory is maintained
It forces attention to quality
What does ISO 9000 stand for?
One of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) international quality standards that asks, “Do you have a quality standard, and are you following it?
What is the definition of total quality management, TQM?
A comprehensive mgmt philosophy that encourages finding ways to continouosly improve the quality of business practices, products, or services
What does the prhase prevention over inspection mean?
The cost of avoiding or prevenint mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them
What does mutually exclusive mean?
Two events that cannot occur in a single trial
For example, you can’t get a 5 and a 6 on a single roll of a die
What does statistical independence mean?
The probability of event “B” occuring does not depend on event “A” occuring
For example, the outcome of a second roll of a die is not influenced by the outcome of the first role.
What is a normal distribution curve?
A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve
The most common probility distribution
What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma mean?
These are often used as a quality standards
3 Sigma: +/- 3 standard deviations from the distribution mean under which 99.73% of all items are acceptable
6 Sigma: +/- 6 standard deviations from the mean under which 99.9999998% of all items are acceptable
What is the difference between a population and a sample?
Population: The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising a uniquely defined group (e.g. all women)
Sample: A subset of population members (e.g. women randomly chosen to represent the population)
Who has responsibility for quality on a project?
The project manager is ulitmately responsible, but the team members must inspect their own work
What are the impacts of poor quality?
Increased costs
Low morale
Low customer satisfaction
Increased risk
Rework
Schedule delays
What are examples of costs of conformance and costs of nonconformance?
Which costs should be greater?
What are costs of nonconformance associated with?
Cost of conformance:
- Quality Training
- Studies
- Surveys
Costs of nonconformance
- Rework
- Scrap
- Inventory costs
- Warranty costs
The costs of conformance should be less than costs of nonconformance.
Costs of nonconformance are associated with poor quality
Name key tools and techniques used in the Plan Quality process
Cost benefit analysis
Cost of quality
Control charts
Benchmarking
Design of experiments
Statistical sampling
Flowcharting
Define benchmarking
Comparing your project to other projects to get ideas for improvement and to measure quality performance
Define Cost Benefit Analysis
Comparing the costs of an effort to the benfits of the effort
What is design of experiments?
A statistical method for changing important variables to determine what combination will improve overall quality
What are some of the tools and techniques used in the Perform Quality Assurance process
Process analysis
Quality audits
Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control tools and techniques
What are quality audits?
Structured reviews of quality activities
These audits often result in lessons learned for the organization
Name the 7 basic tools of quality
- Cause and effect diagram
- Flow chart
- Histogram
- Pareto chart
- Run Chart
- Scatter diagram
- Control Chart
What is defect repair?
Rework required when a component of the project does not meet specifications
What is a cause and effect diagram?
An illustration that helps determine the possible causes of a problem
It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram
What is a quality checklist?
A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item with space to note any defects found during inpection
What is a pareto chart?
A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems
What is the 80/20 principle
80% of problems are caused by 20% of root causes
What is statistical sampling?
Inspecting by choosing only a part of a population (a sample) to test
What is a control chart?
A specialized trend chart documenting whether a measured process is in or out of statistical control
What are control limts?
The acceptable range of variation on a control chart
What are the specification limits on a control chart?
The customer’s definition of acceptable product/service characteristics and tolerances
What does out of control mean?
The lack of consistency and predictability in the process, due to the existence of assignable causes
What idoes the rule of seven mean?
7 consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean, suggesting that the process is out of statistical control
What is special cause variation?
A data point on a control chart or rule of 7 indicating that the measured process is out of statistucal control and the cause of the event must be investigated
