Q3-2 How Does Data Move over a Network?

Question 1

What is the role of protocols in network communication?

Answer 1

Protocols are sets of rules used by devices to communicate over a network.

They ensure that data flows seamlessly across the Internet by standardizing communication methods and conventions, allowing devices with different operations and designs to interact efficiently.

Question 2

What is the IEEE 802.3 protocol and what does it specify?

Answer 2

The IEEE 802.3 protocol, also known as Ethernet, is used for wired LAN connections.

It specifies hardware characteristics, such as which wire carries which signals.

Question 3

What is the difference between the IEEE 802.11 protocol versions?

Answer 3

IEEE 802.11 is used for wireless LAN connections.

As of 2017, the most current standard is IEEE 802.11ac, which allows speeds up to 1300 Mbps, a 100% increase in speed over the previous standard, IEEE 802.11n.

Question 4

How does encapsulation help in data transmission over the Internet?

Answer 4

Encapsulation involves wrapping data in a series of protocol layers to ensure secure and reliable transmission across the Internet.

Each layer encapsulates the data with additional information, akin to placing a message within multiple envelopes, which are systematically removed by the recipient to reveal the original message.

Question 5

What is the TCP/IP Protocol architecture?

Answer 5

The TCP/IP Protocol architecture is a layered arrangement of protocols used to handle data communication over the Internet.

It includes various protocols at different layers, ensuring organized and efficient data handling.

Question 6

What is the function of the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)?

Answer 6

HTTP is the protocol used between web browsers and servers.

It facilitates the transmission of web pages from servers to browsers using predefined request and response formats, enabling seamless interaction without prior direct communication between the browser and server.

Question 7

What is HTTPS and why is it important?

Answer 7

HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data transmission between a user’s browser and a web server, protecting sensitive information like credit card numbers from interception.

Question 8

What are some common TCP/IP protocols besides HTTP?

Answer 8

Common TCP/IP protocols include:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol): Used for email transmissions.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files over the Internet.

Question 9

How does the Internet Protocol (IP) facilitate data movement on the Internet?

Answer 9

IP assigns a unique address to every device on the Internet and stamps a destination address on every packet of data.

This helps in routing each packet to its correct destination, ensuring accurate data delivery across various network paths.

Question 10

What is an IP address?

Answer 10

An IP address is a unique number that identifies the location of a device on the Internet.

Every device that connects to the Internet must have an IP address.

Question 11

What is the difference between public and private IP addresses?

Answer 11

Public IP addresses identify devices on the public Internet.

Private IP addresses identify devices on a private network, such as a LAN.

Private addresses are controlled within the LAN.

Question 12

What happens to your IP address when you connect to the Internet via an ISP?

Answer 12

When you connect to the Internet through an ISP, your device receives a private IP address on your LAN, and the ISP assigns a public IP address, which may be temporary, for your connection to the Internet.

Question 13

What are IPv4 and IPv6?

Answer 13

IPv4 is an older IP address format using a four-decimal dotted structure (e.g., 104.193.184.125).

IPv6 is the more recent version with a much longer address format designed to accommodate more devices on the Internet.

Question 14

What is a domain name, and why is it used?

Answer 14

A domain name is a worldwide-unique name that is affiliated with a particular public IP address, making it easier to identify websites.

For example, http://Snapchat.com points to a public IP address, but is more user-friendly than using the IP address itself.

Question 15

Can multiple domain names point to the same IP address?

Answer 15

Yes, several domain names can point to the same Internet address.

Additionally, the affiliation of domain names with IP addresses is dynamic and can be changed by the owner of the domain.

Question 16

What is a markup language?

Answer 16

A markup language is a system used to annotate a document in a way that is distinguishable from the text.

It provides instructions for how the text should be displayed, but it is not a language used to write the content itself.

Question 17

What is the purpose of a markup language?

Answer 17

The purpose of a markup language is to allow the text to be written once but formatted dynamically across different devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or TV screens.

Question 18

What are two important markup languages used on the Web?

Answer 18

Two important markup languages used on the Web are:

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

Question 19

What is HTML and what does it do?

Answer 19

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language that defines the structure and layout of Web pages.

It uses tags enclosed in angle brackets < > to indicate how text should be displayed in a browser.

Question 20

What are HTML tags and how are they formatted?

Answer 20

HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets < >, with the start of the tag indicated by <tag> and the end of the tag indicated by </tag>.

For example, <h2> defines a level-two heading.

Question 21

What is a hyperlink in HTML?

Answer 21

A hyperlink is a pointer to another web page.

It contains the URL of the target web page and allows users to click the link to navigate to that page.

Question 22

What are attributes in HTML tags?

Answer 22

Attributes in HTML tags provide additional properties about the tag.

For example, the href attribute in a hyperlink tag specifies the URL of the web page to be linked.

Question 23

What is CSS and how does it relate to HTML?

Answer 23

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) defines the fonts, layouts, and styles of elements on a web page, ensuring a consistent look across all pages.

It works in conjunction with HTML to control the presentation of web content.

Question 24

What is XML, and how is it used?

Answer 24

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language similar to HTML but is designed to be machine-readable.

It is used to exchange structured data over the Web, allowing information to be shared between different systems.

Question 25

What is an example of an XML tag?

Answer 25

An example of an XML tag is <customer_address>, which tells the web application that the content inside the tag represents a customer's address.</customer_address>

Question 26

What is Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)?

Answer 26

SOA is a design philosophy that allows apps on a network to communicate with each other by using standard protocols to publish services.

These services define the structure of the data exchanged, how the data is processed, and how clients request and receive these services.

Question 27

How does SOA facilitate communication between apps?

Answer 27

SOA uses standard protocols that define the services an application provides, the data it expects to receive, and the data it will produce.

Clients use these protocols to request services, and providers (such as web servers) specify the work they will perform.

Question 28

What is an analogy for understanding SOA?

Answer 28

SOA can be compared to a city providing services like water, electricity, and transportation to houses.

The people in the house know how to use the services but don’t need to know how they work.

Similarly, apps in SOA know how to request services without needing to understand how they are provided.

Question 29

How does SOA simplify service requests for applications?

Answer 29

SOA automates service requests by using standard protocols, eliminating the need for clients to contact each service provider directly and describe in detail what they need.

Question 30

How does Instagram use SOA in its service?

Answer 30

Instagram uses SOA standards for services like login and uploading.

Clients, such as your device, use these services without needing to specify what a photo is or how it should be stored.

Question 31

What are Tier 1 network providers?

Answer 31

Tier 1 network providers, such as AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and Century, form the Internet backbone and operate large WANs.

They sell services to ISPs, allowing them to connect to the Internet.

Question 32

What is peering in the context of Tier 1 network providers?

Answer 32

Peering refers to the agreements between Tier 1 network providers that govern how they exchange data freely with each other.

Question 33

What is the main issue concerning bandwidth usage on Tier 1 networks?

Answer 33

Some Internet participants, like Netflix, use a large portion of the bandwidth on Tier 1 networks, leading to debates over whether these providers should charge more for heavy traffic users.

Question 34

What is net neutrality?

Answer 34

Net neutrality is the principle that all data on the Internet should be treated equally, without giving preferential treatment to certain content providers or charging them extra for higher traffic usage.

Question 35

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

Answer 35

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the collection of objects connected to the Internet that communicate and share data for various purposes, such as parking sensors or home appliances like thermostats and wearables.

Question 36

How many IoT devices are estimated to exist?

Answer 36

It is estimated that there are now more than 26 billion IoT devices worldwide, designed to improve convenience, energy efficiency, and safety.