Q2: Data Collection Instruments Flashcards
It involves obtaining relevant information regarding the specified research questions or objectives.
data collection
In collecting the data, the researcher must decide on the following questions:
- Which data to collect?
- How to collect the data?
- Who will collect the data?
- When to collect the data?
True or False:
Qualitative research instruments comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests, and observation.
False
Quantitative research instruments comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests, and observation. On the other hand, qualitative research usually involve: (a) direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis, (b) and/or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.
These are instruments that consists of a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from the participants.
questionnaire
Questionnaire consists of ____________ that is aligned to the research questions.
indicators
Differentiate survey and questionnaire
- Questionnaire: an instrument used to collect data
- Survey: a process of collecting, recording, and analyzing data.
Describe the three types of structures of making a questionnaire
- Structured Questionnaire - closed-ended questions
- Unstructured Questionnaire - open-ended questions
- Semi-structured Questionnaire - combination of two
2 Advantages of Using Questionnaire
- Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants.
- The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since their identity can be made anonymous.
5 Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire
- The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants.
- Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses.
- Some questionnaires will not be returned on time.
- Some questionnaires will be lost.
- The answers from participants may lack depth.
These are instruments used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing some characteristics.
tests
Two Types of Test used in Quantitative Research
- Standardized test
- Non-standardized test
Tests that is scored uniformly across different areas and groups.
Standardized test
Tests that may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain set of people.
Non-standardized test
Types of Test Questions
- Recall Questions
- Recognition Questions
- Open-ended Questions
Test questions that requires participants to retrieve information from memory.
recall questions
Test questions that provides respondents to select from given choices the best or correct choice.
recognition questions
Test questions that allows the respondents more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights.
open-ended questions
Types of Recall Questions
- Cloze Test
- Identification
- Enumeration
Types of Recognition Questions
- Multiple Choice
- Matching
- Dichotomous
Types of Open-ended Questions
- Non-performance based
- Performance based
A method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data.
quantitative interview
True or False:
Quantitative interviews are useful when the target participants can’t answer a printed or encoded questionnaire (blind or uneducated).
True
A method of collecting data which can be used in quantitative research when the data characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed).
observation
________________ may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon.
observation
Forms of Observation
- controlled observation
- Natural observation
- Participant observation
Forms of Observation
It is usually used in experimental research and is done under a standard procedure.
controlled observation
Forms of Observation
The procedure can be replicated, and the data are easier to analyze. The observer performs a non-participant role.
controlled observation
Forms of Observation
It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It has greater ecological validity.
natural observation
The flexibility of the findings to be generalized to real-life contexts.
ecological validity
Forms of Observation
It also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially intended by the researcher. Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants.
natural observation
Forms of Observation
It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that the participants belong to. It can be performed covertly or overtly.
participant observation
Participant Observation
Difference between covertly and overtly
- covertly - participants are not aware of the purpose behind the observation.
- overtly - participants know the intention or objectives of the observation
Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation
- complete observer
- observer as participant
- participant as observer
- complete participant
Observational Role
Reseacher observes the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants with as few external factors affecting it as possible.
complete observer
Observational Role
Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or natural behavior with as few external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is known and recognized by the participants as part of their group or community but has limited interaction with them.
observer as participant
Observational Role
Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or natural behavior.
participant as observer
Observational Role
Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior of the participant with as few external factors affecting it as possible.
complete participant
Observational Role
The observer is neither seen nor noticed by the participants. The participants are less prone to the Hawthorne effect.
complete observer
Observational Role
The observer is considered a researcher and not a member of the group or community which is being investigated. However, the observer is fully engaged with the participants.
participant as observer
