Q1: Variables Flashcards
anything that has a quantity or quality that varies
Variable
identified as the presumed cause
independent variable
presumed effect
dependent variable
other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher
Extraneous Variables
accurate conclusion
internal validity
When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes this kind of variable
Confounding Variable.
When the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect to the outcome, the extraneous variable becomes this kind of variable
Confounding Variable
2 classification of variable
- Quantitative Variable (numerical)
- Qualitative Variable (categorical)
also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured
Quantitative Variables
are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative
values or values between fixed points
Discrete variables
take fractional (non-whole number) values that can
either be a positive or a negative
Continuous variables
examples are number of students in a class, group size and frequency
Discrete variables
examples are height and temperature
Continuous variables
two levels of measurement,
- Intervals
- Ratio
quantitative variables where the interval or differences between
consecutive values are equal and meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary
Intervals
type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of a
true zero value
Ratio
also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed
in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into
dichotomous, nominal or ordinal
Qualitative Variables
consists of only two distinct categories or values, for
example, a response to a question either be a yes or no
Dichotomous variable
simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have
more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude
Nominal variable
For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8.
Nominal variable
from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in
a certain order
Ordinal variable
For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating
as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or
categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly
disagree
Ordinal variable
8 types of variables
(1) Independent, (2) Dependent, (3)
Extraneous, (4) Continuous, (5) Discrete, (6) Dichotomous, (7)
Nominal variable and (8) Ordinal variable.
