Punishment, avoidance & conditioning applications Flashcards
Reinforcement/ punishment can be either?
Positive
Negative
What are the 2 types of negative reinforcement?
Escape
Avoidance
What ae the 2 types of negative punishment?
omission
extinction
What happens with escape negative reinforcement?
Instrumental response → aversive stimulus stops → response increases
What happens with avoidance negative reinforcement?
Instrumental response → no aversive stimulus → response increases
What happens with extinction positive reinforcement?
Previously rewarded response →no reward → response decreases
What happens with omission positive reinforcement?
Selected response →no reward → response decreases
Another response → reward → response increases
What is the extinction burst?
Behaviour is no longer reinforced - give up
WHat is the opposite of an extinction burst?
Persistence
What is persistence?
When no outcome for behaviour occurs- behaviour increases or is sustained to finally try to get response
How to avoid persistence?
Do not reinforce after extinction burst
When the response stops it is?
escape
When the response is prevented it is?
avoidance
Escape response is when?
the response stops and aversive stimulus that is already occurring
Avoidance response is when?
the response prevents an expected existing aversive stimulus
When using punishment the intensity that has a _______ tone + _______ instructions is most effective
Moderate
verbal
What are the 4 problems with punishment?
inoculation
conditioned fear
aggression
neurosis & trauma
What is inoculation?
initially mild punishments can decrease the effectiveness of punishments even if they become more severe later
What is conditioned fear?
Neutral stimuli present during punishment become associated with fear through classical conditioning
What is neurosis?
punishment that is rewarding
What is related to trauma from punishment?
Learned helplessness
PTSD
If punishment is to be successful it must be accompanied by?
An explanation
What is response cost?
Something taken away (e.g. fines)
What is learned helplessness?
Learning that there is a lack of contingency between responses and aversive outcomes (e.g. the stressor is uncontrollable- you will get in big trouble unpredictably its just a matter of when)
What does learned helplessness lead to?
passivity
What enhances learning?
the belief/ perception of control
What are some examples of biological preparedness towards fear stimulus?
Monkeys naturally feared snakes over flower even if not prior exposure to either.
what 2 processes can be used to treat phobias?
flooding
systematic desensitisation
what is flooding?
prolonged exposure leading to habituation and eventually extinction
what is systematic desensitisation?
relaxation techniques followed by counter conditioning through graded exposure
