Punishment, avoidance & conditioning applications

Question 1

Reinforcement/ punishment can be either?

Answer 1

Positive

Negative

Question 2

What are the 2 types of negative reinforcement?

Answer 2

Escape

Avoidance

Question 3

What ae the 2 types of negative punishment?

Answer 3

omission

extinction

Question 4

What happens with escape negative reinforcement?

Answer 4

Instrumental response → aversive stimulus stops → response increases

Question 5

What happens with avoidance negative reinforcement?

Answer 5

Instrumental response → no aversive stimulus → response increases

Question 6

What happens with extinction positive reinforcement?

Answer 6

Previously rewarded response →no reward → response decreases

Question 7

What happens with omission positive reinforcement?

Answer 7

Selected response →no reward → response decreases

Another response → reward → response increases

Question 8

What is the extinction burst?

Answer 8

Behaviour is no longer reinforced - give up

Question 9

WHat is the opposite of an extinction burst?

Answer 9

Persistence

Question 10

What is persistence?

Answer 10

When no outcome for behaviour occurs- behaviour increases or is sustained to finally try to get response

Question 11

How to avoid persistence?

Answer 11

Do not reinforce after extinction burst

Question 12

When the response stops it is?

Answer 12

escape

Question 13

When the response is prevented it is?

Answer 13

avoidance

Question 14

Escape response is when?

Answer 14

the response stops and aversive stimulus that is already occurring

Question 15

Avoidance response is when?

Answer 15

the response prevents an expected existing aversive stimulus

Question 16

When using punishment the intensity that has a _______ tone + _______ instructions is most effective

Answer 16

Moderate

verbal

Question 17

What are the 4 problems with punishment?

Answer 17

inoculation
conditioned fear
aggression
neurosis & trauma

Question 18

What is inoculation?

Answer 18

initially mild punishments can decrease the effectiveness of punishments even if they become more severe later

Question 19

What is conditioned fear?

Answer 19

Neutral stimuli present during punishment become associated with fear through classical conditioning

Question 20

What is neurosis?

Answer 20

punishment that is rewarding

Question 21

What is related to trauma from punishment?

Answer 21

Learned helplessness

PTSD

Question 22

If punishment is to be successful it must be accompanied by?

Answer 22

An explanation

Question 23

What is response cost?

Answer 23

Something taken away (e.g. fines)

Question 24

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 24

Learning that there is a lack of contingency between responses and aversive outcomes (e.g. the stressor is uncontrollable- you will get in big trouble unpredictably its just a matter of when)

Question 25

What does learned helplessness lead to?

Answer 25

passivity

Question 26

What enhances learning?

Answer 26

the belief/ perception of control

Question 27

What are some examples of biological preparedness towards fear stimulus?

Answer 27

Monkeys naturally feared snakes over flower even if not prior exposure to either.

Question 28

what 2 processes can be used to treat phobias?

Answer 28

flooding

systematic desensitisation

Question 29

what is flooding?

Answer 29

prolonged exposure leading to habituation and eventually extinction

Question 30

what is systematic desensitisation?

Answer 30

relaxation techniques followed by counter conditioning through graded exposure