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Learning & Memory > Introduction to Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Introduction to Learning & Memory Flashcards

0
Q

How are learning and memory related and what is the process?

A

Learning starts with ACQUISITION (encoding) -> then begins to turn into memory when it goes into STORAGE (retention & organisation) -> and finally becomes memory in RETRIEVAL (long term storage)

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1
Q

What are 3 examples of learned behaviour?

A

Habits, preferences and skills (HPS)

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2
Q

Behaviourists tend to lean towards which end of the learning and memory spectrum?

A

Learning

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3
Q

Cognitive Psychologists tend to lean towards which end of the learning and memory spectrum?

A

Memory

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4
Q

What were Edward Tirchner’s main focuses and coined terms?

A

To look at how the mind was structured- STRUCTURALISM

Key terms:
Introspection, observation of own conscious experience

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5
Q

What were William James’s main focus and emphasises?

A

To look at how the mind functions- FUNCTIONALISM

Key emphasis: action and application with an environment

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6
Q

What was Hermann Ebbinghaus’s main contribution?

A

The metronome, nonsense syllables and the retention curve

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7
Q

What is the retention curve?

A

Ebbinghaus’s concept that Renton was related to time in that memory was pretty concrete during immediate recall however rapidly dropped off in the first 9 hours and then the declined slowed to a plateau from 2 days onward

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8
Q

What experiment was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

A

Behaviourist experiment with salivating dogs

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9
Q

What are the 5 key terms used in the process of classical conditioning?

A 
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus 
Unconditioned response 
Conditioned stimulus 
Conditioned response
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10
Q

Who is considered the first behaviouralist and founder of classical conditioning?

A

Watson

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11
Q

What are the two methods used to change behaviours?

A

Classical & operant conditioning

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12
Q

What would S-R refer to?

A

Stimulus response- classical conditioning

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13
Q

What experiment was Skinner famous for?

A

Skinners box- operant conditioning chamber for rats

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14
Q

Who was linked to radical behaviourism?

A

Skinner

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15
Q

What type of conditioning was Skinner associated with and what were his key ideas?

A

Operant conditioning

Neutral or negative outcome = reduction in behaviour

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16
Q

What was Chomsky known for?

A

The emphasis on language learning for cognitive processes.

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17
Q

What are of psychology was Rummelhart involved in?

A

Computational models and the microstructure cognition that could be measured

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18
Q

What was Tolmans experiment testing?

A

The T-maze tested the winner between cognitive (place learning) and behavioural learning (response learning)

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19
Q

What was the conclusion of the T-maze test?

A

That both cognitive learning and behavioural learning occur but the behaviour exhibited depends on other factors

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20
Q

What conditions affected whether learning was cognitive or behavioural in the T-maze experiment?

A

Visual cues
Times taken the maze
Condition of the hippocampus/ striatum

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22
Q

When has the study into Neuroscience been around since?

A

1950’s

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23
Q

What methods have been used in the past and now in the field of Neuroscience?

A 
Animal experiments 
Brain Damage patients 
Double Dissociations 
Neuroimaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
24
Q

What are 3 examples of neuroimaging techniques that have been used in the field of neuroscience?

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

25
Q

What are the 3 major memory systems?

A

Procedural
EMotional
Declarative

26
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brain (cortical association areas) that are linked to memory?

A

Striatum cerebellum
Amygdala
Hippocampus

27
Q

What 2 parts of the Striatum cerebellum is involved with memory?

A

The brainstem & spinal motor outputs

28
Q

What part of the amygdala is involved with memory?

A

Hypothalamus endocrine outputs

29
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Reinforced responsive habits

30
Q

What is emotional memory?

A

Conditioned preferences & aversions

31
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Episodic & semantic recollection of conscience facts or events

32
Q

What parts of the brain system are involved in motor memory? (4)

A

Somatosensory cortex
Motor cortex
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

33
Q

What parts of the brain system are involved in emotional memory? (3)

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Amygdala

34
Q

What parts of the brain system are involved in cognitive memory? (2)

A

Frontal cortex

Hippocampus

35
Q

What functions the motor memory responsible for? (4)

A

Skills
Habits
Learned reflexes
Reinforced responses

36
Q

What functions the emotional memory responsible for? (4)

A

Processing rewards/ punishments
Preferences
Emotional expression
Attributing emotions to senses

37
Q

What functions the cognitive memory responsible for? (3)

A

Working memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory

38
Q

What changes in the brain to allow us to learn?

A

Synaptic changes

Structural changes

39
Q

What process happens in the synaps to allow us to learn?

A

Long term potential (LTP)

40
Q

What 3 processes happen in the structure of the brain to allow us to learn?

A

Myelination
Plasticity
Neurogenesis

41
Q

Today, learning is understood not to be the work of single neurons but…

A

Clusters and patterns of neural firing

42
Q

What is Long term potentiation (LPT)?

A

“neurons that firs together wire together”

high frequency, repeated stimulation makes two neurons become more sensitive to each other

43
Q

What is LTD?

A

Long term depression

44
Q

How are LTP and LTD related to learning?

A

They help to make theoretical sense of how we learn in that they predict the processes of associated brain regions

45
Q

What limited evidence is there to support the connection between LTP and LTD to learning?

A

Drugs used to block LTP impaired animal ability to learn
and
genetically modified rats with enhances LTP show better learning than normal rats

46
Q

The thicker the ______ ________, the faster the propagation velocity of the ____________ ________.

A

myelin sheath

electric pulse

47
Q

Our brain continues to develop ___________ __________ throughout childhood and adolescence.

A

white matter

48
Q

When studying neural plasticity what types of environments were found to increase brain function and produce a heavier cerebral cortex?

A

Socially and sensorially enriched environments

49
Q

What process happens in the first few years of life to help make brain functioning more efficient?

A

Pruning

50
Q

When blind, what was the visual cortex used for?

A

Other processing areas

51
Q

When has the study of Neural Genesis been around since?

A

1990’s

52
Q

What happens in neural genesis?

A

Many new brain cells are produced over the lifetime

53
Q

Which 2 areas of the brain does neural genesis occur most?

A

The sub-ventricular zone

The hippocampus

54
Q

What are the 3 main effects of neural genesis?

A

Associative memory
Increased temporal information in episodic memory
Learning increases the survival of newly born cells

55
Q

What are the 3 main arguments for using animals in research?

A

Shared evolutionary history and similar systems of learning
Conditions can be more tightly controlled
Some unethical procedures can be applied with animals

56
Q

What are some examples of non-declarative memory?

A

Implicit things such as associative learning (fear conditioning) and skills, habits or muscle memory

Learning & Memory (11 decks)

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