Learning by Observation

Question 1

What are the 2 theories associated with learning?

Answer 1

traditional learning theory

social learning theory

Question 2

What does traditional learning theory state?

Answer 2

Learning is the result of individual conditioning history

Question 3

What does social learning theory state?

Answer 3

Learning is the result of observation (and conditioning)

Question 4

What does imitation involve? (2)

Answer 4

self-awareness

perspective taking

Question 5

What is the principle of parsimony?

Answer 5

the simplest explanation is the best

Question 6

WHat 3 things are not considered true imitation?

Answer 6

Contagion
Social facilitation
Local enhancement (stimulus enhancement)

Question 7

What s contagion?

Answer 7

the innate tendency to react to an emotional response of other members of the species

Question 8

What sis social facilitation?

Answer 8

the behaviour of one individual that prompts a similar behaviour in another which is already in their repertoire

Question 9

What is local/ stimulus enhancement?

Answer 9

subjects attention that is drawn towards a location or a stimulus

Question 10

what is the difference between emulation and imitation?

Answer 10

Emulation is the copying of observed goals (aims)

Imitation is when the observer copies the behavioural sequence

Question 11

When does stimulus matching occur?

Answer 11

When the actual motor sequence needed to produce a behaviour cannot be directly observed

Question 12

WHat is an example of how imitation can be linked to classical conditioning?

Answer 12

When a child sees fear for a snake in their mother- then their response is conditioned to fear the snake as an imitation of their mother

Question 13

How is operant conditioning linked to imitation?

Answer 13

If imitation is reinforced then it increases

Imitation can also be generalised

Question 14

How does Bandura suggest social learning theory is different to the theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 14

Observations of reinforcement/ punishment of others instead of ones own actions

Question 15

What happened in the Bobo doll experiment?

Answer 15

Children observed aggressive behaviour
-generally imitated reinforced behaviour but also needed a
reward of own aggression to increase behaviour

Question 16

The conclusion of the Bobo doll experiment was that learning can occur through imitation alone, but there is also a need for a _______ to produce behaviour.

Answer 16

reward

Question 17

What affects the occurrence of imitation? (4)

Answer 17

attention
retention
motor reproduction
incentive/ motivation

Question 18

How do aggressive parents affect children?

Answer 18

Children are more aggressive when not with parents but less aggressive when with parents

Question 19

WHat makes a good model? (3)

Answer 19

rewardingness
dominance
similarity to them

Question 20

What is route preference?

Answer 20

preference for a route already shown

Question 21

In face preference what do males and females prefer?

Answer 21

females prefer male faces that are being smiled at by another female
and
males prefer female faces that are being smiled at by another male

Question 22

WHat do we learn through television and through what/ what type of shows?

Answer 22

Vocab- sesame street
sociability - children’s shows
Aggression - violent shows

Question 23

What are the conflicting findings on violent video games?

Answer 23

Increased aggression and decreased pro-social behaviour
vs.
Cathartic release = low hostile feelings

Question 24

What has used advertising to affect behaviour throughout the last century?

Answer 24

Smoking awareness/ brands

Question 25

WHat social media articles are more likely to go viral? (2)

Answer 25

Thos that have positive content and

are physically arousing

Question 26

What types or neurons are essential to imitation and social learning?

Answer 26

Mirror neurons

Question 27

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 27

Neurons that fire in the premotor cortex in a response to a action and neurons that fire in the inferior parietal lobe when observing an action

Question 28

WHat did Ferrari discover about imitation with monkeys?

Answer 28

That neural mechanisms for imitation may be similar in monkeys as they are in humans

Question 29

There is greater activity in the premotor cortex with actions are guided by ___________ compared to _________ ___________.

Answer 29

observation

verbal instruction

Question 30

How are mirror neurons monitored?

Answer 30

Using and fMRI to monitor regions of the brain

Question 31

What is the limitation in using an fMRI for mirror neuron research?

Answer 31

fMRI shows region activity and region doesn’t equal same neurons