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Learning & Memory > Classical & Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

Classical & Operant Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 areas were covered when studying Non-Associative learning?

A

habituation
sensitisation
perceptual learning

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2
Q

What 3 areas were covered when studying Classical Conditioning?

A

S-R vs. S-S theory
Contiguity, frequency and predictiveness
Rescorla- Wagner model

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3
Q

What 5 areas were covered when studying Operant conditioning?

A 
Secondary reinforcers
Premack principle
Reinforcement schedules
Partial reinforcement extinction effect
Matching law
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4
Q

WHat is learning?

A

The relatively lasting change in behaviour as a result of experience

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5
Q

What areas does learning include? (5)

A 
knowledge 
behaviours 
values
skills
preferences
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6
Q

What does learning not include? (4)

A

Motivation
Fatigue
Maturation
Ageing

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7
Q

What is habituation?

A

A response to stimulus that is reduced through repeated presentations.

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8
Q

What bodily functions can you use to measure an increase in habituation?

A

Skin conductance
Startle response
Eye gaze fixation

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9
Q

What are the features of habituation

A

frequency and time lag

frequency of sessions

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10
Q

What is the opposite of habituation?

A

Dishabituation

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11
Q

What is Dishabituation?

A

The process when a novel stimulus is presented and then the habituation stimulus is presented again, the response tends to be stronger than it was initially.

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12
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

When you repeatedly present a stimulus to increase the response.

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13
Q

Why do we have habituation and sensitisation?

A

For survival

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14
Q

What is the difference between habituation and sensitisation?

A

Whether or not we deem the stimulus worthy of a response or not (whether we should be alert or not to survive)- habituate deems it not worth of a response where as sensitisation deems it worth of a response for survival

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15
Q

What 2 processes are involved in the dual process theory?

A

Intuitive understanding

Logical reasoning

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16
Q

What are the main differences between intuitive understanding and logical reasoning?

A

un-conscience and conscience

involuntary and voluntary

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17
Q

When the stimulus is more intense generally this leads to?

A

Sensitisation

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18
Q

What is the expectancy theory?

A

Motivation = expectancy + instrumentality + valence

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19
Q

What is expectancy?

A

The belief that an increase in effort will increase performance

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20
Q

Theories of habitation include? (4)

A

Mental representations
Expectancy
Surprise
Missing stimulus effect

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21
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Prior exposure to a stimulus can facilitate later learning about that stimulus = increase in specificity

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22
Q

Mere exposure effect is?

A

When someone is exposed the stimulus becomes more familiar and therefore increases preference

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23
Q

Us is? And it is used in?

A

Unconditioned response

Classical Conditioning

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24
Q

UR is? And it is used in?

A

Unconditioned response

Classical Conditioning

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25
Q

CS is? And it is used in?

A

Conditioned Stimulus

Classical Conditioning

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26
Q

Cr is? And it is used in?

A

Conditioned Response

Classical Conditioning

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27
Q

An unconditioned stimulus is?

A

Something that automatically triggers a response without conditioning (Food)

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28
Q

An Unconditioned response is?

A

The unlearned behaviour that occurs in response to the unconditioned stimulus (saliva)

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29
Q

The conditioned stimulus is?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus through classical conditioning (bell)

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30
Q

The conditioned response is?

A

A learned response to the conditioned stimulus- may be the same or a different response to the unconditioned response. (Saliva)

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31
Q

What are the 4 phases in classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Reacquisition

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32
Q

What happens in the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

A

The US is repeatedly paired with the CS- many times over several sessions

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33
Q

What happens in the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

A

The CS is repeatedly presented without the US and so the CR starts to decrease (not as much unlearning as the new association had)

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34
Q

What happens in the spontaneous recovery phase of classical conditioning?

A

The response that was previously extinguished reappears when presented with the CS again

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35
Q

What happens in the reacquisition phase of classical conditioning?

A

Pairing again but this time usually faster because of already acquired association

36
Q

What is generalisation?

A

Extending the conditioned response to other things similar to the conditioned stimulus (e.g. white fluffy things for albert)

37
Q

What is discrimination?

A

being able to differentiate between different stimuli

38
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

When a stimulus (or senario) initially is neutral and does not elicit a response however when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (that does illicit a response) then the first unconditioned stimulus has a conditioned response.

39
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

Conditioning an additional stimulus using the conditioned stimulus already in stage 1

40
Q

What are the 2 classical conditioning theories?

A

S-R theory

S-S theory

41
Q

What is S-R?

A

Stimulus- Response where the CS is associated with the UR and so the CS elicits the CR

42
Q

What is S-S?

A

Stimulus- Stimulus where the CS is paired with the US

43
Q

What are two examples that are used in higher-order conditioning?

A

money

tokens (secondary reinforcers)

44
Q

What 3 things determine association with a conditioned stimulus?

A

Contiguity
Frequency
Predictiveness

45
Q

What is contiguity?

A

time proximity of stimuli presented together

46
Q

What is frequency?

A

amount of times stimuli are presented together

47
Q

What is predictiveness?

A

Associations occur when one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus

48
Q

What is short-delay conditioning?

A

Onset of CS (bell) slightly precedes onset of US (food)

49
Q

What is long-delay conditioning?

A

CS is presented at least a few seconds prior to onset of US and persists until US is presented (bell then food)

50
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

CS occurs prior to the onset of US and terminates before US commences (bell then food)

51
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

CS is presented after the US (food then bell)

52
Q

Why are simultaneous and backward conditioning not recommended?

A

They’re weaker conditioning

53
Q

Does a higher frequency = stronger learning?

A

Not necessarily

54
Q

Blocking effect is when?

A

One CS (bell) already reliably predicts the US (food) then an additional CS (light) will not do anything

55
Q

What is predictiveness also called?

A

Contingency- the likelihood of the stimulus

56
Q

If the US is greater than expectation then what conditioning occurs?

A

Excitatory - if food comes more than the bell

57
Q

If the US is lesser than expectation then what conditioning occurs?

A

Inhibitory - if bell doesn’t always predict food

58
Q

There are 3 stages in the acquisition phase?

A

initial (fast learning)
later (slow learning)
plateau (no additional learning)

59
Q

What is operant conditioning also called?

A

Instrumental conditioning

60
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Good outcomes = increase in behaviour

Bad outcomes = decrease in behaviour

61
Q

What does S-R-O stand for?

A

Stimulus- Response- Outcome

62
Q

WHat is shaping?

A

The reinforcement of successive approximations gradually results in desired behaviour.

63
Q

Wat is chaining?

A

Learned sequence of behaviour.

64
Q

What is the conditioned reinforcer?

A

Initially neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing because it has been repeatedly associated with the primary reinforcer

65
Q

What is drive?

A

Motivational need or desire for a particular reinforcer.

66
Q

What is the discriminative stimulus?

A

Only present when reinforcement occurs. Acts as a signal for correct context of behaviour.

67
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

The contingency (relationship) between the timing or frequency of response and reinforcement.

68
Q

What are some advantages of using conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers like tokens)?

A 
Doesn't interrupt response 
No satiation (doesn't get sick of) 
Offers immediate prize if bigger one needs to be delayed
69
Q

What is the premack principle?

A

preferred behaviour can reinforce a less preferred behaviour

70
Q

What are 5 types of reinforcement schedules?

A 
continuous 
fixed ratio
fixed interval 
variable ratio
variable interval
71
Q

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

A

reinforcement after t time on next response (waiting for bus)

72
Q

What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

A

reinforcement after x responses on average (poker machines)

73
Q

what is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

A

reinforcement of next response after t time on average (checking emails)

74
Q

What has the fastest response rate out of all reinforcement schedules?

A

continuous

75
Q

What has the fastest extinction rate out of all reinforcement schedules?

A

continuous

76
Q

What has the slowest response rate out of all reinforcement schedules?

A

Variable interval

77
Q

What has the slowest extinction rate out of all reinforcement schedules?

A

Variable ratio

78
Q

Continuous reinforcement good for______ the behaviour, partial reinforcement good for_________ the behaviour.

A

TEACHING

MAINTAINING

79
Q

What is the Discrimination hypothesis?

A

How different the reinforcement & non-reinforcement conditions are

80
Q

What is the Frustration hypothesis?

A

Partial reinforcement: some reward + some frustration

Becomes better at dealing with frustration?

81
Q

What is the Sequential hypothesis?

A

Partial reinforcement: behaviour + reward associated with previous trial where behaviour + no reward
Therefore no reward means possible reward next time?

82
Q

The relationship between delay and reinforcement value is not___________.

A

linear

83
Q

_______reward + ________ delayed reward more reinforcing than consistent medium delayed reward

A

Immediate

longer

84
Q

What is the matching law?

A

Number of responses will match the number of reinforcers

85
Q

____________ AND ________ brings about the most behavioural change.

A

Reinforcement

awareness

Learning & Memory (11 decks)

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