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Pathophysiology > Pulmonary: Structure and Function of Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Pulmonary: Structure and Function of Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the upper respiratory tract contain?

A

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

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2
Q

What connects the upper respiratory tract and the lower resp. tract?

A

The larynx

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3
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid cartilages

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4
Q

How many generations does the tracheal tree have?

A

Up to 23

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5
Q

Name the point at which the trachea first divides (creating a left and right side)

A

Carina

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6
Q

How many lobar bronchi are on each side of the lungs?

A

Right - 3

Left - 2

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7
Q

Name the region where the tracheal tree ends, what is contained in that region, and what it’s function is.

A

Acinus.

It includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

It is the region in which gas exchange takes place

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

A

Respiration via ventilation

gas exchange!

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9
Q

Name the non-respiratory functions of the pulmonary system.

A
  1. Phonation
  2. Acid-base balance
  3. Defense mechanisms: air conditioning and olfaction
  4. Metabolic functions: removing/inactivating vasoactive substances
  5. Filtration and removal of particles/microorganisms
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10
Q

How does the pulmonary system act to balance the acid-base concentrations in the body?

A

They regulate it by removing CO2 from the bloodstream

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11
Q

What structure(s) air condition ambient air?

A

Ventilation and mucosa of nasal and oral cavities

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12
Q

Explain what ACE is and what it does in the lungs

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. Both are vasoconstrictors and Angiotensin II has many other functions including stimulating ADH secretion

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13
Q

How are particles removed in the lower respiratory tract?

A

“Mucociliary Escalator”

  • Respiratory tract is lined by mucous. This mucous is propelled by cilia and moves up to the pharynx
  • Coughing forcefully propels mucous to pharynx
  • *See videos/diagrams!
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14
Q

What do irritant receptors do?

A

produce and sneeze or cough

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15
Q

A sneeze is produced by:

A

receptors in the nasopharynx

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16
Q

A cough is produced by:

A

receptors in the trachea

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17
Q

Name the two functional divisions of the pulmonary system

A

Conduction Zone

Respiratory Zone

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18
Q

Anatomy of conducting zone: How many generations?

A

16

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19
Q

Anatomy of conducting zone: What are the boundaries?

A

Upper respiratory tract to terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

Anatomy of conducting zone: Are alveoli present?

A

NO!

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21
Q

What is the primary function of conducting zone?

A

Provide passage for air into and out of gas-exchange are of lung

NO GAS EXCHANGE

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22
Q

Explain the speed of air flow in the conducting zone.

A

Initially, air flow is fast through trachea but it slows down progressively as it travels down divisions of tracheal tree.

Why is this?
- Because of the increasing cross sectional area

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23
Q

What is the volume of air that is brought into the lungs but does not reach the respiratory zone called?

A

Anatomical Dead Space

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24
Q

How does the pulmonary system defend itself against inhaled particles > 10 micromillimeters?

A

They are filtered and trapped by nasal hairs and irritant receptors lining nasal passage initiate sneeze reflex

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25
Q

How does the pulmonary system defend itself against inhaled particles 2-10 micromillimeters in diameter?

A

Mucociliary transport system and then irritant receptors in airway initiate cough

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26
Q

How does the pulmonary system defend itself against inhaled particles < 2 micromillimeters?

A

These may reach the alveoli so phagocytic macrophages engulf them.

  • Non-degradable particles lead to pulmonary fibrosis
27
Q

The respiratory zone: what are the two sections and what generations do these occur on?

A

Transitional section: Where alveoli start to be seen: 17-19th divisions

Respiratory Section: alveoli completely line 20th-22nd divisions

28
Q

What division is the alveolar sac?

A

23rd

29
Q

The first site of gas exchange occurs at:

A

the respiratory bronchioles

30
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Allow adjacent alveoli to exchange air between each other

31
Q

Name the two layers of alveolar septa

A

Epithelial layer

Basement Membrane

32
Q

Name the 3 cell types in the epithelial layer of alveolar septa

A

Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Type III alveolar cells

33
Q

Type I Alveolar cells:

A

provide the physical structure of the alveoli

34
Q

Type II Alveolar cells:

A

produce surfactant (a lipoprotein that coats surface of alveoli)

35
Q

Type III Alveolar cells

A

macrophages

36
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane of the alveolar septa?

A

It is a thin elastic layer that allows gas exchange

37
Q

Explain alveoli’s defense system

A

Alveolar phagocytes/macrophages ingest and remove foreign particles/bacteria through lymphatics located in terminal bronchioles

38
Q

When does the cartilage disappear in the tracheal tree?

A

The bronchioles

39
Q

Name the wall layers of the tracheal tree

A

Inner layer: epithelial lining

Middle layer: smooth muscle layer

Outer layer: connective tissue

*Cartilage surrounds outer layer

40
Q

The entire respiratory tract/tracheal tree is lined by mucus producing cells and ciliated cells EXCEPT:

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Anterior 1/3 of the nose
  • Portions of the pharynx
41
Q

Cell types in the epithelial lining of tracheal tree:

A
  1. Ciliated cells

2. Mucus producing/secreting cells

42
Q

What are the two cell types of mucus producing cells and where are they located?

A

Goblet cells are located proximal to the bronchioles

Clara cells are located in the terminal bronchioles

43
Q

Pathology of Chronic Bronchitis

A

caused by hypertrophy of mucus producing cells which produce too much mucus and obstruct the airway

44
Q

Pathology of Cystic fibrosis:

A

Genetic disease causing excessive mucous which accumulates in lungs and promotes infection

45
Q

Define pulmonary circulation:

A

Un-oxygenated blood flow from R. ventricle that travels to pulmonary capillaries for gas exchange

46
Q

Define bronchial circulation:

A

Oxygenated blood flow from left ventricle that supplies structures of pulmonary system

47
Q

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

A
  1. Facilitates gas exchange
  2. Acts as a reservoir for left ventricle
  3. Acts as a filter system to remove particles/emboli (clots or air)
48
Q

What is the pressure (mmHg) in pulmonary system and why is it that way?

A

LOW pressure system (10-20 mmHg)

Only 1/3 pulmonary blood vessels are filled at any given moment to accommodate increased stroke volume without increasing pressures

49
Q

Define pulmonary capillaries

A

the capillary beds that surround each alveolar sac. They are very dense to allow a lot of blood to be exposed to gas

50
Q

What is the alveolocapillary membrane?

A

Where alveolar and capillary walls “merge together” to form a gas exchange membrane

51
Q

What does the alveolocapillary membrane composed of?

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium and basement membrane
  2. Interstitial space
  3. Capillary basement membrane and epithelium
52
Q

What occurs when there is damage to the alveolocapillry membrane?

A
  1. Plasma/blood can leak into alveolar space

2. Impair gas exchange

53
Q

Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

A

Unique to lungs
If damage or partial pressure of O2 drops, alveoli’s send out a signal for the arterioles to vasoconstrict (get smaller) and therefore direct blood flow away from that area

54
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A

Does NOT participate in gas exchange - part of systemic circulation

Supply the structures of the lungs

55
Q

What is the function of bronchial circulation?

A

Supply nutrients to the structures of the lung

56
Q

Describe how bronchial veins create functional “right to left” shunt of blood flow

A

Bronchial capillaries (deoxygenated) drain into pulmonary veins (oxygenated) –> this is called a left to right shunt

57
Q

Lymphatic capillaries drain all structures of the lungs except:

A

the acinus ( respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli )

58
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries drain and protect the alveoli?

A

Accumulating fluid in the alveoli and the alveolar macrophages migrate up to the terminal bronchioles and then drain into lymphatic system.

59
Q

What does the chest wall consist of?

A

Ribs

Intercostal musculature

60
Q

What are the two layers of pleura

A
  1. Visceral pleura - lines the lungs

2. Parietal pleura - lines the chest wall

61
Q

Pleura Cavity: what is it?

A

the potential space created between visceral and parietal pleura layers

62
Q

Pleural Cavity: what is the function of pleural fluid?

A

It is secreted by the pleura itself and provides lubricant so that there is frictionless movement between visceral and parietal pleura

63
Q

Pleura Cavity: What is the pressure?

A

“negative” or sub-atmospheric) -4 to -10 mmHg

64
Q

Pneumothorax

A

when air enters into the pleural cavity, increasing the pressure, and collapsing the lung

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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