Neuro-Random Ques. from Module 1-3 Flashcards
What are the “scar” forming cells of the CNS?
Astroglia cells
These neuroglial cells have a secretory, absorptive and CSF circulatory role
Ependymoglia
A lesion in area 4 would result in…
Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia
A lesion in area 6 would result in…
Apraxia of involved regions
A DESTRUCTIVE lesion in area 8 would result in…
eyes deviating TOWARD side of lesion
A IRRITATIVE lesion to area 8 would result in…
eyes deviating AWAY FROM lesion
What areas are considered Broca’s Areas
Area 44 and 45 in dominant hemisphere only
A lesion on the non-dominant areas 44 and 45 would result in…
Motor dysprosodia
Prosody
What are the functions of areas 10-12?
- Social behavior
- Motivation and ability to focus (attention)
- Emotion/personality
- Motor inhibition/planning
What are the functions of areas 9, 46, 47
Planning and behavioral component of motor function
Integrates sensory info w/ motor planning, organizing and regulating
Decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules, and self-generated thoughts
Lesion in area 10-12…
Apathy Inappropriate social behavior/emotions Perseveration Poor focus "Change in personality"
Lesion in areas 9, 46,47…
Contralateral motor apraxia
Impaired motor planning
Impaired behavioral inhibition
Impaired motor inhibition
A bilateral frontal lobe lesion could result in:
akinetic mutism
Analgesia v. Paresthesia
Analgesia: inability to detect pain
Paresthesia: distorted/abnormal detection of sensation
What is the classic clinical finding in a right hemisphere stroke?
Anosagnosia (neglect)
Gerstmann’s Syndrome
Calculation
Right-Left confusion (dyslexia)
Finger agnosia
Agraphia
Lesions in these two areas can produce sensory dysprosodia
- Non-dominant area 39,40
2. Non-dominant area 22
Bilateral damage to area 41 results in…
deafness
Wernicke’s aphasia
can’t comprehend language but can speak
The temporal lobe also plays a role in memory. Explain specifically it’s function in memory
Significant role in creating long-term memory/learning
Transition short term to long term memory
Is the non-dominant hemisphere associated w/ episodic or semantic memory?
Episodic memory
Is dominant hemisphere associated w/ episodic or semantic memory?
Semantic memory
A lesion in areas 18,19 results in…
visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
color agnosia
alexia
Primary and secondary destructions of a hemorrhagic stroke
Primary - destruction of neurons
Secondary - destruction from rise in intracranial pressure
Common locations of hemorrhagic stroke:
- Thalamus
- Putamen
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
What areas of the brain do the ACA, MCA, and PCA supply?
ACA - Medial aspects of motor, sensory, and prefrontal regions (lower extremity)
MCA - Lateral aspects of parietal, temporal, and frontal areas (UE, Trunk, Head) as well as association areas, prefrontal area, and optic tract
PCA - Occipital lobe and inferior aspect of temporal lobe
Potential pathophysiology behind concussions (4 main things)
- Absence of gross CNS damage
- Metabolic changes (glutamate, potassium, calcium)
- Cerebral blood flow mismatch
- Transient microscopic damage to individual neurons
ALL sensory input must pass thorough except…
CN1
5 parts of the internal capsule
- Anterior limb
- Posterior limb
- Genu
- Retrolenticular part
- Sublenticular part
The posterior limb of the internal capsule functions to:
relay sensory and motor input/output
Optic Radiation
projection from thalamus to visual cortex
Retrolenticular and sublenticular part
Auditory Radiation
projection from thalamus to auditory cortex (area 41)
Sublenticular part
Categories of Lacunar strokes
- Pure motor stroke (most common)
- Ataxic hemiparesis (second most common)
- Mixed motor and sensory involvement
- Pure sensory stroke
A pure motor lacunar stroke will result in…
contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia without dysfunction of other high order functions (this is what makes it distinguishable)
5 major nuclei of basal ganglia
- Putamen
- Caudate nucleus
- Nucleus accumbens
- Globus pallidus
- Other: Substantia nigra (midbrain) and subthalamus (diencephalon)
Lentiform nuclei include:
putamen and globus pallidus
Striatum includes:
putamen
caudate nucleus
nucleus accumbens
Corpus Striatum
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Does the basal ganglia inhibit or stimulate the thalamus? Or both?
Always inhibits the thalamus
Direct v. Indirect pathways of the basal ganglia
Direct - stimulates thalamic drive by decreasing inhibition
Indirect - decreases thalamic drive by increasing inhibition
Clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s Disease
Bradykinesia
Difficult initiating movement
Increased muscle tone (rigidity and spasticity)
Resting tremor
Decrease voluntary movement (dec facial expression, monotone, small writing)
Dementia
Depression
Explain the pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Destruction of substantia nigra (midbrain) reduces dopamine production and therefore inhibits the direct pathway = decreased thalamic drive (hypokinetic)
*It also “allows” the indirect pathway to dominate
Causes of Parkinson’s
Genetic
Pesticide exposure
Huntington’s Disease manifestations. Hyper or hypokinetic?
HYPERKINETIC
Choreiform, dementia, behavioral changes
Clinical diagnositc criteria for Tourette’s Syndrome
- Presence of both motor and vocal tics
- Multiple tics nearly qd X 1 year
- Causing distress/impairment in functioning
- < 18 yo
- Symptoms not d/t drugs/meds/other med conditions
