Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Endocrine: Module I > Flashcards

Endocrine: Module I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary organs of the endocrine system?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads
Placenta
*Hormones also secreted from other organs such as heart, kidney, GI...
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Endocrine system?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Control of the storage and utilization of energy substrates
  3. Regulation of growth, development, and reproduction
  4. Regulates the body’s response to environmental stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare/contrast the actions of the endocrine system with the actions of the nervous system

A

Actions of endocrine system are:

  • -> slower in response
  • -> have a prolonged response
  • -> more “diffuse”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 components of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Endocrine Glands
  2. Target Organs
  3. Hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine glands are….

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Target organs…

A

contain cells with receptors that have hormone specific receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define hormones

A

Chemical messengers released by one cell and exert a biological action on a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how hormones work at different target tissues to mediate function

A
  1. A single hormone can facilitate multiple effects

2. A single physiological function can be regulated by multiple hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name an example of a hormone that elicits different effects on different target tissue

A

Epinephrine

At alpha receptors in intestine: constriction
At beta receptors in skeletel muscle: dilation
At beta receptors in liver: glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blood pressure is influenced by …

A

ADH, aldosterone, epinephrine, and more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the 4 types of hormone signaling

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Intracrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Classically referred toa s the endocrine system

Target tissue = distance

hormones travel through the blood stream to reach target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of endocrine signaling

A

Insulin

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Target tissue = “local” or immediate nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A hormone that travels through the blood stream to reach its target tissue is the definition of ______ _______.

A

Endocrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A hormone that is released by one cell and acts locally on a nearby cell is an example of _____ ______.

A

Paracrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 5 examples of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Nitric oxide
  2. Bradykinin
  3. Neurotransmitters
  4. Cytokines
  5. Prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does nitric oxide promote?

A

BV Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the actions of bradykinin

A

Promote BV vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe cytokines function

A

Immunoregulating and growth function

Contain interleukins, TNF (tumor necrosis factor), interferon, growth factors, TGF (transforming growth factors, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

____ are fatty acids produced in most organs

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 6 main functions of prostaglandins?

A
  1. Smooth muscle - contraction/relaxation depending on receptor type/tissue
  2. Inflammatory response throughout tissues in the body
  3. Pain
  4. Kidney: mesangial cells contract and alter GFR
  5. Hypothalamus: termoregulatory nuclei produce fever
  6. Mediate platelet aggregation/disaggregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ decrease inflammation via prostaglandins.

A

NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Target tissue = same cell

Hormone is released by a cell and then acts on the same cell that released it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Intracrine signaling

A

Hormone produced in a cell that acts WITHIN the cell itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Example of intacrine signaling

A
  1. Steroid action

2. Malignant pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe negative feedback using the example of insulin secretion.

A

When insulin is released, blood glucose is decreased.

The decreased blood glucose inhibits further insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two variations of negative feedback loops

A
  1. Inc. levels of hormone inhibit the hormone’s releasing factor
  2. Inc. levels of hormone inhibit the hormone’s releasing factor AND stimulate hormone’s inhibiting factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Positive feedback is rare. Describe a popular example of positive feedback

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Increased estrogen stimulates release of LH….LH in turn stimulates release of estrogen from ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hormones are classified by _______ or ________.

A

Derivative content

Solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 4 types of derivative content hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid derivatives
  2. Peptide/protein derivatives
  3. Steroid derivatives
  4. Fatty acid derivatives - eicosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two types of solubility hormones?

A
  1. Lipid soluble (lipophilic)

2. Water soluble (hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are two type of lipid soluble (lipophilic) hormones?

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

_____ is a precursor for all of the steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the half life of lipid soluble hormones

A

They circulate in plasma via binding to plasma proteins thus having a longer half life (hours to days) because they don’t break down as easily

*This hormone/protein carrier disassociate at target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the half life of water soluble hormones

A

They circulate “freely” in plasma so they are easily broken down and thus have a shorter half life (1-30 mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are hormone receptors fixed or changing?

A

CHANGING!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Up-regulation: what is it and what is the net result?

A

When low concentrations of a hormone will increase the number of receptors on target tissue

Net result = increased sensitivity to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Down-regulation: what is it and what is the net result?

A

High concentrations of hormone will decrease number of receptors on the target tissue

Net result: decreased sensitivity to hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are hormone receptors located?

A

On cell membrane or within cell itself (either in cytosol or nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In response to regular exercise when cells become more sensitive to insulin is an example of ______ regulation

A

Up regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In response to a sedentary lifestyle and obesity when cells become less sensitive to insulin is an example of ___ regulation

A

Down regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The process by which extracellular signals (hormones) are communicated into a cell

A

Signal Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the two types of signal transduction?

A
  1. Primary messenger “First messenger”

2. Secondary messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where are target tissue receptors located for primary messengers?

A

Located within the cell itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of hormones use primary messengers?

A

Fat soluble

–> they can easily diffuse across cell membranes to communicate to receptors within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a secondary messenger?

A

It is the “link” between primary messenger (hormone) and inside of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do secondary messengers work?

A

Hormone attaches to receptor on cell membrane which produces SECONDARY MESSENGERS to communicate to structures inside the cell

49
Q

What type of hormones require secondary messengers? Why?

A

Water soluble

They can’t diffuse across membrane

50
Q

What are some examples (3) of secondary messengers?

A
  1. cAMP
  2. calcium
  3. cGMP
51
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Capillaries in hypothalamus communicate with pituitary capillaries before entering venous system

52
Q

Describe the general schematic of the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus releases “pituitary releasing hormones” that descend through hypophyseal portal system. Most hormones from hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit release of pituitary hormones

53
Q

Describe the general schematic of the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamic nuclei synthesize pituitary hormones that descend to pituitary via direct neural connection to posterior pituitary

54
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

55
Q

The hypothalamus “links” ____ to _____ _______.

A

CNS

Endocrine system

56
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Diencephalon of CNS

57
Q

Name the 8 hormones released from hypothalamus that control anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. TRH
  2. GnRH
  3. Somatostatin
  4. GHRH
  5. CRH
  6. Substance-P
  7. Dopamine
  8. PRF
58
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (____) __________ the release of: _________.

A

TRH
Stimulates
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone

59
Q

GnRH (_______) ______ the release of _______ and _______.

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Stimulates

  • LU (luteinizing hormone)
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
60
Q

Somatostatin ______ the release of _____ and ______.

A

GH (somatotropin)

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

61
Q

GHRH (_______) ______ the release of ______.

A

Growth hormone releasing hormones

GH (growth hormones)

62
Q

CRH (________) ______ the release of _____ and _____.

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

ACTH (adrenocorticoptropic hormone)

Beta-endorphin

63
Q

Substance-P _______ synthesis/release of _____ and ____ release of ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A 
Inhibits
ACTH (adrenocroticotropic hormone)
Stimulates
GH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
64
Q

Dopamine ____ release of _____.

A

Inhibits

Prolactin

65
Q

PRF (_______) _____ release of _____.

A

Prolactin releasing factor
stimulates
Prolactin

66
Q

What are the hormones synthesized in nuclei of hypothalamus and descend to posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

67
Q

The other name for the pituitary gland is _____.

A

Hypophysis

68
Q

The anterior pituitary is also known as ______.

A

adenohypohysis

69
Q

What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars tuberalis
  3. Pars intermedia
70
Q

Posterior pituitary is also known as ______.

A

Neurohypophysis

71
Q

What is the pituitary’s function (both anterior and posterior)

A

Regulates the activity of endocrine glands in the body

–> regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, fluid balance, and response to stress

72
Q

Anatomy of posterior pituitary gland: 3 regions

A
  1. Median eminence
  2. Infundibular stem or pituitary stem
  3. Infundibular process (aka pars nervosa, neural lobe, posterior lobe)
73
Q

Median eminence (location)

A

located at base of hypothalamus

74
Q

Infundibular stem or pituitary stem

A

Neural connection between hypothalamus

75
Q

What does the infundibular stem contain?

A

Neural axons that originate in hypothalamus

76
Q

Infundibular process

A

Axons that originate in hypothalamus terminate in posterior lobe

Site of hormone release!!

77
Q

What is the female function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates milk ejection and uterine contraction

synthetic versions induce labor

78
Q

What is the male function of oxytocin?

A

May have a role in sperm motility

79
Q

Target tissue of oxytocin

A

Mammary gland

Uterus

80
Q

3 stimuli for oxytocin release

A
  1. Distension of cervix at end of pregnancy
  2. Breast stimulation
  3. Positive emotional responses
81
Q

Oxytocin utilizes ____ feedback system.

A

Positive

82
Q

What can cause inhibition of oxytocin release

A
  1. External stimulus stopping

2. Negative emotional factors

83
Q

3 Clinical applications of oxytocin

A
  1. Induce labor –> Pitocin, Misoprostol
  2. Diseases of excess oxytocin are UNCOMMON
  3. Oxytocin deficiency will impair nursing
    - -> true or stress initiated?
84
Q

Function of ADH

A

Control osmolality/osmolarity of plasma

Increase blood volume

85
Q

Target tissue of ADH

A

Collecting ducts in kidney (DCT and collecting duct)

–> increases water reabsorption by increasing permeability of collecting duct

86
Q

Difference between osmolality and osmolarity

A

Osmolality - amount of solute (electrolytes) per kg of solvent (plasma)

Osmolarity - amount of solute (electrolytes) per liter of solvent (plasma)

87
Q

ADH promotes blood vessel ______.

A

Contraction (elevates BP)

88
Q

5 stimuli for release of ADH

A
  1. Increased plasma osmolarity
  2. Decreased blood volume
  3. Angiotensin II (indirectly)
  4. Stress, trauma, exercise, heat
  5. Various drugs (nicotine, morphine, etc)
89
Q

ADH is also termed as ______ or ______.

A 
Vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
90
Q

Which of the stimuli for release of ADH is the most sensitive?

A

Plasma osmolarity

1% change in osmolality will stimulate release of ADH

91
Q

What senses plasma changes?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

92
Q

What senses blood volume change and how effective are these receptors in stimulating ADH release.

A

Mechanoreceptors (baroreceptors) in atria, aortic arch and carotid sinus

Not as effective as osmoreceptors in hypothalamus. 10% drop in blood pressure to stimulate release of ADH

93
Q

How does angiotensin II stimulate ADH release?

A

Angiotensin II increases sensitivity of osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Also stimulates thirst centers in hypothalamus

94
Q

3 ways to inhibit ADH release

A
  1. Decreased plasma osmolality
  2. Increased blood volume/pressure
  3. Alcohol and caffeine
95
Q

Clinical: too little or ineffective ADH is _____ _____.

A

Diabetes Insipidus

96
Q

Two types of diabetes insipidus

A

Central DI

Nephrogenic DI

97
Q

Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Most common form of DI

Decreased release of ADH from posterior pituitary

98
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A

Less common form of DI

Inability of kidneys to respond to ADH

99
Q

Signs/Symptoms of DI

A

Polyuria (excessive urine)

Polydipsia (excessive thirst)

100
Q

Medications for Diabetes Insipidous (central)

A

Desmopressin

101
Q

Clinical: too much ADH is _____________.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

SIADH

102
Q

What does excessive ADH release cause?

A

Water reabsorption in DCT/collecting duct –> hypervolemia

103
Q

Hyponatremia

A

decreased sodium values in blood stream

104
Q

Hypervolemia facilitates what 2 things?

A
  1. Hyponatremia

2. Natriuresis

105
Q

Natriuresis

A

Excessive sodium excretion

The expansion of extracellular fluid volume reduces sodium resorption in kidney –>
Baroreceptors in atria/aorta release ANP which reduces sodium resorption –>
Decreased aldosterone release which reduces sodium resorption in kidney

106
Q

3 Etiologies of SIADH

A
  1. Tumors (they secrete ADH themselves)
  2. Head injuries or meningitis
  3. Bronchiogenic tumors and diabetes mellitus
107
Q

Pars distalis

A

Forms most of the anterior pituitary gland itself

Anterior pituitary hormones synthesized and secreted

108
Q

Pars tubularis

A

Thin layer of cells that wraps around anterior/lateral infundibular stem

109
Q

Pars intermedia

A

Small layer of cells located between pars distalis and pars nervosa

“disappears” in adult

110
Q

3 Functions of Prolactin

A
  1. Breast development during puberty and pregnancy
  2. Stimulates milk production after birth (lactogenesis)
  3. Inhibits ovulation
111
Q

Prolactin target tissue

A

Mammary glands during puberty, pregnancy and while lactating newborn

112
Q

5 stimuli of prolactin release

A
  1. Puberty
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Sleep
  5. Dopamine antagonist
113
Q

Inhibition of prolactin release (3)

A
  1. Constant tonic release of dopamine
  2. Dopamine agonists –> bromocriptine
  3. Discontinuation of stimuli
114
Q

When is growth hormone (GH) released and how is it released?

A

Released in pulsing/cyclic pattern

Peaks during adolescence

115
Q

Functions of growth hormone

A
  1. Stimulates all tissue growth and maturation

2. Also plays role in aging, sleep, reproductive hormone function

116
Q

Target tissue of growth hormone

A
  1. Direct effect on tissues via GH receptors (liver, muscle, adipose)
  2. Indirect effect on tissue via the IGF-1 pathway
117
Q

Target tissue of IGF-1

A

Bone, cartilage, visceral organs

118
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone

A
  1. Liver
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Muscle
119
Q

Actions of IGF-1

A

Mediate cell growth in most tissues of the body. It also has inhibitory (antagonistic) effect on tissue growth

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions