Neuro Terms Flashcards
Paresis v. plegia
Paresis: partial motor loss
Plegia: complete motor loss
Apraxia v. Ataxia
Apraxia: inability to execute learned purposeful voluntary movement
Ataxia: uncoordinated learned voluntary movement
Gait Apraxia
Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
Construction Apraxia
Inability to draw, construct, or copy geometric figures
Lesion is in non-dominant parietal and frontal lobes
Sensory Apraxia (ideational apraxia, conceptual apraxia)
Inability to forumulate the ideational plan for executing multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement
Ideomotor Apraxia
Inability to perform task when asked
Ex: comb hair, use a tool
Broca Aphasia
Can comprehend language but cannot speak
Aphasia
Acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language
Can be both senosry and motor
Dysarthria
Difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Motor Dysprosodia
Difficulty of speech in producing “musical aspects of speech”
Prosody
Fluctuations in tone, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
Akinetic Mutism
a bilateral frontal lobe lesion
A conscious and alert patient retains the ability to move/speak but fails to do so because they have an inc. in apathy/inhibition of motivation to interact
Perserveration
persist on a single topic
lesion in areas 10-12
Apathy
lack of interest, indifference
lesion in areas 10-12
Anesthesia (hypesthesia)
loss of sensation
Agnosia
“lack of knowledge”
Loss of sensory interpretation
Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells w/ sensation but memory is still intact
Anosagnosia (neglect)
Ignorance of the presence of disease
NON-DOMINANT parietal lobe damage
Classic clinical finding in right hemisphere stroke
Astereoagnosia (stereoanesthesia)
tactile amnesia (tactile agnosia) Inability to judge the form of an object by touch
Agraphesthesia (cutaneous kinesthesia)
Difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin
Sensory dysprosodia
Difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm, and variation of stess/tone in speech (“musical aspects of speech”)
Dyslexia
Right-left disorientation that causes impairment/difficulty w/ ability to read/comprehend
Agraphia
Inability to write
Acalculia
Arithmetic deficits
Finger Agnosia
Inability to distinguish between fingers
Auditory Agnosia
Inability to interpret the significance of sound
Able to hear but can’t distinguish from “sound” or “language”
Wernicke’s aphasia
Can’t comprehend but can speak
“word salad” - speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense
Sensory dysprosodia
Difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm, etc. “musical aspects of speech”
Amnesia
loss of memory
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability toi memorize new things after “injury”
Retrograde amnesia
Can’t recall events prior to injury
Dissociative amnesia
Psychological trauma, usually temprorary
Repressed amnesia
unable to recall information (info is often traumatic)
Visual agnosia
Inability to recognize an object by sight
Prosopagnosia
Difficulty recognizing familiar faces
Color agnosia
Inability to recognize colors
NOT COLOR BLINDNESS!
Alexia
Inability to understand written/printed word (language)
Chorea/Choreiform
Involuntary, constant, rapid, complex body movements that flow from one body part to another
“dance-like” movement
Athetosis
Slow, writhing movements of the fingers and hands, and sometimes toes
Ballismus (what is damaged?)
Violent, flailing movements
Damage to subthalmic nuclei of basal ganglia –> results n hemiballismus
Dystonia
Broad term!
Persistent spasm/posture of a body part which can result in grotesque movements and distorted position of the body
Resting Tremor
Occurs when a body part is at complete rest against gravity
Tremor amplitude decreases w/ voluntary activity
Postural Tremor
Postural tremor occurs during maintenance of a position against gravity and increases w/ action
Essential tremor (familial)
Most common form of tremor
Tremor occurs in a person who is moving or trying to move and no cause can be identified
Intentional Tremor
Marked increase in tremor amplitude during a terminal portion of targeted movement
Cerebellar tremor/pathology
Bradykinesia
Slowing of voluntary movement
Difficult initiating movement
use center of gravity to compensate
Lead-pipe rigidity
Resistance persists throughout the range of movement of a particular joint
Cogwheel Rigidity
Periodic resistance at different points throughout the range of movement
Rigidity v. Spasticity
Spasticity: SPEED DOMINANT…move slowly and you can move limb though ROM
Rigidity: NOT INFLUENCED BY SPEED…can’t move limb no matter what the speed though ROM
Tic
rapid and repeated and stereotyped involuntary movements
Hypotonia
poor muscle tone
Disequilibrium
loss of balance
Dysynergia
loss of coordinated activity
Dysarthria:
slurring, slowing or “scanning” of speech (inappropriate/random volume emphasis)
Dystaxia
lack of coordination in the execution of learned voluntary movement
Dysmetria
“past pointing”, “overshooting”, inability to stop muscular movement at a desired point in space
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating or repetitive movements
Nystagmus
rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs
Decomposition of movement
breaking down of smooth muscle activity into jerky, awkward fragments, poor timing
Rebound
inability to adjust to changes in muscle tension
“arm pull test”
