Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Endocrine: Module III > Flashcards

Endocrine: Module III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 important roles of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

A
  1. Response to stress
  2. Maintain water/salt equilibrium
  3. Maintain BP
  4. Sympathetic function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the cortex release?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the medulla release?

A

Catecholamines (epi, NE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Adrenal Cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa (outer)
  2. Zona fasiculata (middle)
  3. Zona Reticularis (inner)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis layers of the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Glucocorticoid (cortisol)

Adrenal androgens (DHEA/Androstenedione)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cholesterol is converted into _______ by the enzyme _____. This is stimulated by _____.

A

Pregnenolone
Desmolase
ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are hormones ever stored?

A

NO! They are synthesized at rate of demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones tend to follow ____ _____ patterns.

A

Circadian rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do adrenal hormones follow the positive or negative feedback system?

A

Negative feedback…

Inc. levels of cortisol will inhibit release of ACTH and CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are glucocorticoids (cortisol) produced?

A

Zona fasiculata and zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stimulus for cortisol secretion:

A

ACTH from ant. pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 Factors that influence cortisol secretion:

A
  1. Normal circadian rhythm (most released between midnight and 8am)
  2. Stress (stimulates release of ACTH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inhibition of cortisol secretion:

A

Elevated levels of cortisol inhibit ACTH and CRH (negative feedback)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of cortisol (3)

A

Acts as a response to human stress

  1. Catabolic to produce/mobilize/store glucose
  2. Maintains fluid volumes
  3. Modulates immune system (anti-inflammatory response)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cortisol effects in the bone:

A
  1. stimulate osteoclasts/calcium resorption

2. Adverse: decrease bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cortisol effects in adipose cells:

A
  1. Stimulate lypolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cortisol effects in muscle cells:

A

Stimulate proteolysis

Adverse effect: muscle wasting/weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cortisol effects in tendon/ligament/connective tissue:

A

Catabolic effect (inhibits fibroblasts/collagen production)

Adverse Effect: poor wound healing/immune defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cortisol effects in CNS:

A

Alters perception andmood

Negative feedback to hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cortisol effects in metabolic system:

A
  1. Alters intermediary metabolism to produce, mobilize and store glucose
  2. In Liver: gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis
  3. Optimizes/enhances effect of glucagon and catecholamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is cortisol needed for in terms of fetal lungs?

A

Necessary for surfactant production and lung development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary function of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Increase blood vol/BP by regulating renal sodium resorption

–> also causes dec. plasma potassium, inc. plasma pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 Actions of Aldosterone?

A
  1. Increase sodium resorption in distal nephron

2. Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does sodium resorption by aldosterone lead to?

A
  1. Increased water absorption
  2. Facilitates potassium excretion
  3. Facilitates hydrogen excretion
    - -> inc. plasma pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 stimuli for aldosterone secretion?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. Hyperkalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe how angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

Dec. blood volume/sodium concentration stimulates release of renin

Renin triggers cascade of conversion to produce angiotensin II in the bloodstream

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) is the catalyst for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the _____ aldosterone while hyperkalemia stimulates the _____ of aldosterone.

A

production/secretion

Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 Factors that inhibit aldosterone secretion

A
  1. Hypernatremia
  2. ANP (antrial natriuretic peptide)
  3. Elevated ACTH levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Elevated plasma potassium (K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Elevated sodium in bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the “adrenal androgens”

A

DHEA and androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

While adrenal androgens are important in development/maintenance of male sexual characteristics, they are also critical in females for : (4)

A
  1. Maintaining muscle mass
  2. Maintaining bone density
  3. Sexual desire
  4. Sense of well being
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where are androgens produced in males? In females?

A

Males: testes
**Adrenal gland also produces it but not in significant amts

Females: ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Explain the significance of the adrenal cortex’s production of androgens in males v. females

A

More significant in females…about 50% is produced there and plays a role in axillary and pubic hair growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the most abundant circulating hormone in the body?

A

DHEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

DHEA is a “____ androgen”

A

weak.

Poor binding affinity to androgen receptors in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Excessive adrenal androgens cause (pre-puberty): (males and females)

A

Males: isosexual precocious puberty

Females: heterosexual precocious puberty

40
Q

Excessive adrenal androgen effects in adulthood (males and females)

A

Males - no effect

Females: Masculinzation effects

41
Q

Stimulus for adrenal androgen secretion:

A

ACTH

42
Q

Inhibition of adrenal androgen release:

A

Cortisol

43
Q

Clinical: If you are deficient in adrenal cortex secretions what 2 diseases are possible?

A
  1. Primary Hypoadrenalism (Addison’s)

2. Secondary Hypadrenalism

44
Q

Clinical: If you have excess secretion of the adrenal cortex then what 4 diseases are possible?

A
  1. Cushing’s Disease
  2. Cushing’s Syndrome
  3. Excess androgens (adrenogenital syndrome)
  4. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Disease)
45
Q

What is the cause of Addison’s Disease?

A

Destruction of adrenal cortex

…So there is a loss of all adrenal cortex hormones

46
Q

What do labs look like in Addison’s Disease? (2 significant findings)

A
  1. Elevated ATCH

2. Decreased levels of adrenal hormones (Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens)

47
Q

Decreased aldosterone in Addison’s Disease causes:

A

Excessive excretion of sodium and water in urine

  • -> Hypotension
  • -> Hyponatremia
  • -> Dec. blood volume…potential circulatory failure

Excessive retention of potassium and H ions

  • -> hyperkalemia
  • -> metabolic acidosis
48
Q

Decreased glucocorticoids (cortisol) in Addison’s Disease causes:

A

Hypoglycemia…fatigue, loss of appetite

49
Q

Decreased adrenal androgens in Addison’s Disease causes:

A

Female: dec. in pubic/axillary hair

Hyperpigmentation

Weakness, anorexia, wt loss, nausea

50
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome =

A

excess cortisol of any pathology

  • -> tumor secreting glucocorticoids
  • -> Prolonged pharmaceutical administration of glucocorticoids
51
Q

Cushing’s Disease =

A

Excessive ACTH with results in excess cortisol

–> tumor in pituitary produces excessive/elevated ACTH

–> May experience elevated mineralcorticoid and androgenic effects

52
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome v. Cushing’s Disease

A

Cushing’s Syndrome is the excess of cortisol caused by any pathology whereas Cushing’s disease is specifically the excess of ACTH which in turn results in excess cortisol

53
Q

5 Effects of increased glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A
  1. Poor wound healing
  2. Hyperglycemia…possible glycosuria
  3. Muscle wasting
  4. Osteoporosis
  5. Central obesity –> moon face, buffalo hump
54
Q

1 effect of increased mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)

A

Hypertension

55
Q

Effects of increased adrenal androgens:

A

Virilization and menstrual disorders in females

56
Q

Cause of Conn’s Syndrome

A

Tumor of adrenal cortex that secrete aldosterone

57
Q

Primary Hyperaldosteronism is also known as:

A

Conn’s Syndrome

58
Q

What is seen in a patient w/ hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Metabolic Alkalosis
59
Q

What does the Y chromosome secrete?

A

SRY antigen

60
Q

The SRY antigen…

A

stimulates undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes

61
Q

What duct does the SRY antigen develop and what does that duct develop into

A

Wolffian Duct

Develops into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

62
Q

What duct is inhibited by Y chromosome and what cells do this?

A

Sertoli cells of testes release MIH (Mullerian-inhibiting factor)

Prevents Mullerian duct from developing into female genitalia

63
Q

What stimulates development of scrotum, penis and prostate gland?

A

DHT (dihydortesterone)

–> Prostate converts testosterone into DHT

64
Q

DHT stimulates development of:

A

scrotum
penis
prostate gland

65
Q

Describe how the Mullerian Duct and Wolffian duct are differentiated in the female

A

Since male hormone doesn’t release MIH, Mullerian Duct develops into fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Wolffian Duct is prevented from developing

66
Q

What does the Mullerian Duct develop into?

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

67
Q

Function of Testes:

A
  1. Production of spermatozoa

2. Production of testosterone

68
Q

What two hormones are required to produce sperm?

A

Testosterone and FSH

69
Q

Where is testosterone synthesized?

A

Interstitial Cells of Leydig (of testes)

70
Q

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

A
  1. Stimulate GH secretion leading to IGF-1 release
  2. End of puberty –> promotes mineralization of growth plates (“closure”)
  3. Stimulates protein synthesis in muscle
71
Q

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone?

A
  1. Regulate development and maintenance of male accessory sex organs
  2. Differentiation of male reproductive tract and brain
  3. At puberty: development of secondary sex characteristics
  4. Role in libido and potency
  5. Testosterone gradually decreases with age…slow and constant
72
Q

Function of ovaries

A
  1. Oogenesis - production of female germ cells

2. Produce estrogens and progesterone and inhibin

73
Q

What happens to the uterus during menstration?

A

thickens endometrium

inc. uterine muscle contraction

74
Q

What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle?

A

accelerate the maturation of the oviarian follicles (just before ovulation)

75
Q

Estrogens play a role in: (6)

A
  1. Menstrual Cycle
  2. Fertilization
  3. Puberty
  4. Bone metabolism
  5. Blood chemistry
  6. CNS
76
Q

Explain estrogen function in blood chemistry

A

Increase HDL and decrease LDL (BAD!!)

Inc. coagulation

Inc. sodium and water retention in kidneys

77
Q

Progesterone Function: (2 major)

A
  1. Implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum

2. Maintain pregnancy

78
Q

What is the major target tissue of progesterone?

A

Uterus

79
Q

What does progesterone due once it binds to uterus receptors (4)

A
  1. Growth of endometrium
  2. Inc. blood supply to endometrium
  3. Relaxing effect on myometrium to promote implantation
  4. Elevate basal body temperature
80
Q

Contraception and progesterone

A

Progesterone given during follicular phase inhibits fertilization by:
– Inhibiting LH –> inhibiting ovulation

– Inhibiting effects on cervical os and mucous plug

81
Q

Progesterone and estrogen given in combination as contraceptives do what?

A

Prevent LH/FSH release

21 days on…5-7 days off to allow menstrual flow

82
Q

High doses of progesterone can cause:

A
  1. Anesthetic effect on CNS
  2. Inc. susceptibility to epileptic episodes
  3. Inc. basal body temp
83
Q

Dec. progesterone results in:

A

Influence mood

  • -> PMS
  • -> Postpartum depression
84
Q

3 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

A
  1. Follicular Phase (Day 1-14)
  2. Ovulation (Day 14)
  3. Luteal Phase (Day 14-28)
85
Q

Early Follicular Phase

A

1.) LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens
FSH stimulates release of aromatase in granulosa cells
2.) Aratase converts androgens to estrogens
3.) Estrogens released from granulosa cell
4.) Estrogens diffuse into bloodstream or is stored in follicular cell

*Estrogen utilizes positive feedback!

86
Q

Mid-follicular Phase

A

Dominant follicle emerges and continues to produce estrogen (+ feedback continues)

Aptosis of non-dominant follicles

87
Q

Late-Follicular Phase

A

Estrogen levels increase and now have (+) feedback on release of LH

Surge of LH occurs

88
Q

Ovulation (Day 14)

A

Surge in LH –> OVULATION

Ovum released from follicle

89
Q

Luteal Phase (Days 14-28)

A

Follicle becomes corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen and inhibin
–> inhibit release of FSH/LH (- feedback)

If fertilization hasn’t occured dec. progesterone and estrogen constrict blood flow to endometrium and leads to meneses

90
Q

If fertilization occurs (pregnant):

A

Progesterone and estrogen levels stay elevated

91
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

What pregnancy tests look for

Released from syncytiotrophoblast

92
Q

Functions of hCG

A
  1. Maintains production of estrogen and progesterone in corpus luteum until placenta can take over
  2. Suppress follicle maturation in maternal ovaries
93
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce:

A
  1. Progesterone
  2. Estrogen
  3. CRH
  4. human Placental Lactogens (hPL)
94
Q

Menopause

A

Ovarian tissue gradually ceases to respond to FSH and LH

Resutls in dec. estrogens and progesterone

95
Q

Characteristics seen after menopause occurs:

A
  1. Reduction of secondary sex characteristics
  2. Atrophy breast tissue
  3. Thinning of pubic and axillary hair
  4. Mood changes
  5. Loss of bone density
  6. Loss of cardio functioning

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions