Module II: Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Mechanical process by which ambient air is brought into and exchanged with air in the lungs

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange that occurs in lungs (at alveolar/capillaries) and throughout the body (at target tissue/capillaries)

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3
Q

The mechanical process by which ambient air is brought into and exchanged with air in the lungs is ________.

A

Ventilation

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4
Q

Gas exchange that occurs in lungs (at alveolar/capillaries) and throughout the body (at target tissue/capillaries) is called _____________.

A

Respiration

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5
Q

Ventilation Rate

A

breaths per minute

~12/min at rest

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6
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute

4.5 L/min

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7
Q

Dead Space Ventilation

A

Volume of air that DOES NOT reach the alveoli per minute

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8
Q

Minute Ventilation

A

volume of air inspired/expired per minute

6 L/min at rest

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9
Q

______ + ______ = minute ventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation

Dead Space Ventilation

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10
Q

What are the two respiratory centers in the brainstem?

A

Medulla

Pons

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11
Q

What is the action and function of the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla (DRG)?

A

Action: primarily inspiratory

Function: sets automatic rhythm of breathing

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12
Q

CO2 and O2 levels influence the rate of ventilation through which respiratory center?

A

DRG

Dorsal Respiratory Group in medulla

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13
Q

What kind of muscles would the DRG influence/control?

A

Inspiratory muscles:

  • -> external intercostal muscles
  • -> diaphragm
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14
Q

What is the action and function of the ventral respiratory group in the medulla (VRG)?

A

Action: both inspiratory and expiratory actions

Function:

  • quiet during rest
  • active when increased ventilation is required
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15
Q

Does the VRG control the internal intercostals or the external intercostals?

A

Internal intercostals

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16
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons?

A

To fine tune the actions from the VRG and DRG

Modifying depth and rate of inspiration already set by VRG and DRG

17
Q

What are the 3 groups of neurons in the medulla and pons that control contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles?

A
  1. DRG in medulla
  2. VRG in medulla
  3. Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in pons
18
Q

Where do lung receptors send their impulses to?

A

The DRG to influence rate of ventilation

19
Q

What are the 3 types of lung receptors?

A
  1. Irritant receptors
  2. Stretch receptors
  3. J-receptors (Juxtapulmonary capillary receptors)
20
Q

Where are irritant receptors usually located?

A

In the epithelium of conduction airways in larger airways…not distal

21
Q

What are some stimulants of an irritant receptor?

A

Noxious gas

Particles

22
Q

What is the action of an irritant receptor?

A
  1. Cough reflex
  2. Initiate bronchoconstriction of airway
  3. Increase ventilation rate via DRG
23
Q

Where are stretch receptors located?

A

In smooth muscle of conducting airways

24
Q

What are the stimulants of stretch receptors?

A

For:
- Adults: It takes a lot to activate these
Occurs at extremes of tidal volume
(max volume)
- Newborns: Plays a role in maintaining ventilation
–> termed: Hering-Breuer Expiratory Reflex

25
Q

What is the action of stretch receptors?

A

They DECREASE ventilation (rate and volume) via DRG

26
Q

Where are J-receptors located?

A

alveolar septum of capillaries

27
Q

What is the stimulus for J-receptors?

A

Elevated pulmonary capillary pressure

28
Q

What is the action produced by J-receptors?

A

Rapid, shallow breathing
Also influence CV system by:
–> decreasing HR
–> decreasing BP

29
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors and what do they monitor?

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors
  2. Peripheral chemoreceptors

Both monitor pH, PaCO2, and PaO2

30
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Central chemoreceptors indirectly monitor _____ of arterial blood (_____) by monitoring ____ of ____.

A

Central chemoreceptors indirectly monitor CO2 LEVELS of arterial blood (PaCO2) by monitoring PH of CSF.

31
Q

What stimulates central chemoreceptors?

A

Changes in pH levels in CSF