Pulmonary Pathologies Flashcards
What are some CVR pathologies where the airways are affected?
- Asthma
- COPD
What are some CVR pathologies where lung tissue is affected?
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Sarcoidosis
What are some CVR pathologies where lung circulation is affected?
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary hypertension
What are some examples of obstructive lung diseases?
- COPD
- Bronchitis
What are some examples of restrictive lung diseases?
- Sarcoidosis
- Interstitial lung disease
What are the different classifications of lung disease?
- Tissue or vessel affected
- Obstructive or restrictive lung disease
- Acute
- Chronic
- Occupational
What are (5) cardinal signs of respiratory disease?
- Cough
- Sputum
- Dyspnoea (breathlessness)
- Wheeze
- Chest pain
What are some key respiratory problems?
- Dyspnoea
- Secretion retention
- Loss of lung volume
- Respiratory failure
Describe a barrel chest.
- Enlarged chest
- Rounded cross section
- Fixed horizontal position of ribs
What does long-term exposure to smoke do to cilia?
Cilia beat slower
What is dyspnoea?
Awareness of breathing & increased effort (gasping)
- Worse during exacerbations
- Presents insidiously on exertion, becomes progressive + persistent
Describe a wheeze?
- Audible wheeze may arise at laryngeal level
- Inspiratory and expiratory wheezes can be present
- Chest tightness often follows exertion
What are some respiratory tract infections?
- UTRI (e.g.: colds, laryngitis, sinusitis, tonsilitis)
- LTRI (e.g.: bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia)
- Covid 19
- Influenza
What is Consolidation?
Increase in density in lung tissue as air in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli is replaced by exudate, sputum, pus, blood, etc.
How much interstitial fluid does it take before alveolar membranes rupture and fluid enters the alveoli (even in mild pulmonary oedema)?
100ml
What % of DVTs embolise into pulmonary vasculature?
51%
What is empyema?
Pus in the pleural space
What is the BODE index (prognosis)?
B MI
Airflow O bstruction
D yspnoea
E xercise capacity
What is Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency?
- A rare, inherited condition, which can cause lung and liver problems
- Lack a protective enzyme inhibitor (alpha-1-antitrypsin)
- More vulnerable to the effects of inhaling smoke or other toxic materials like dust, fumes or chemicals.
More likely to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
