COPD Flashcards

1
Q

The COPD disease process affect the mechanical properties of the lung. What does this result in?

A
  • Loss of elasticity
  • Hyperinflation
  • Increased sputum production
  • Loss of alveolar gas exchange surface
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2
Q

What are COPD problems leading to respiratory failure?

A

Lung hyperinflation and/or fatigue
- Shallow ineffective breathing
- Reduced ventilation
- Incomplete lung emptying

Increased VQ mismatch

Decreased responsiveness to hypoxia
- Increased dead space

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3
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A
  • A common preventable & treatable disease
  • Characterised by persistent air flow limitation
  • Usually progressive (spans 20-50 years)
  • Associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases
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4
Q

What does ‘COPD’ stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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5
Q

What (3) things is COPD an umbrella term for?

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Severe Asthma
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6
Q

What are some typical co-morbidities for COPD?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Cardiac failure
  • Osteoporosis
  • Diabetes metabolic syndrome
  • Nomocytic anaemia
  • Depression
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7
Q

What are the causes of COPD?

A
  • Smoking
  • Industrial pollutants
  • Mining
  • Bacteria infection
  • Viral infection
  • Wood, fire, biomass fuels
  • Vehicle exhaust pollution
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8
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement of the alveoli
- Destruction of alveolar walls
- Lungs lose their elasticity
- Walls of terminal bronchioles and alveoli are destroyed by inflammation
- Airway collapse
- Air trapping
- Enlarged alveoli sacs-dead space

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9
Q

Describe air trapping in emphysema.

A
  • Bronchioles open on inspiration but
    collapse on expiration
  • Air trapped within alveoli
  • Hyperinflation-barrel chest
  • Diaphragm flattens
  • Ventilation capacity decreased
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10
Q

What does the excessive use of accessory muscles mean for patient’s with emphysema?

A
  • Tire easily
  • Lots of energy use
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11
Q

How does emphysema affect the heart?

A
  • Alveolar walls disintegrate
  • Increases resistanceinpulmonary circulation
  • Right ventriclehas to work
    harder
  • Enlarged right ventricle
  • Cor pulmonale
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12
Q

What does emphysema co-exit with?

A

Chronic bronchitis

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13
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

An inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes

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14
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

A cough that occurs every day with sputum production that lasts for at least 3 months, 2 years in a row.

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15
Q

What is a major cause of chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Bronchial irritants
    (usually inhaled repeatedly by the affected person)
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16
Q

Describe chronic bronchitis.

A
  • The lining of the bronchial tubes repeatedly becomes irritated and inflamed, which can damage the airways and cause a build up of sticky mucus, making it difficult for air to move through the lungs.
  • This leads to breathing difficulties that gradually get worse.
  • The inflammation can also damage the cilia
  • When the cilia don’t work properly, the airways often become a breeding ground for bacterial and viral infections.
    -Infections typically trigger the initial irritation and swelling that lead to acute bronchitis.
17
Q

What are symptoms of COPD?

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea-difficult or laboured breathing
  • Excessive sputum production
  • Chest tightness or wheeze
  • Oedema
  • Heart failure
  • Recurrent chest infections
  • Hyperinflated lungs
  • Fatigue
  • Chest pain/discomfort
18
Q

What should be done to diagnose COPD?

A
  • Spirometry
  • Chest x-ray
  • Full blood count to identify anaemia or polycthaemia
  • BMI
  • Sputum culture
  • Home peak flow measurements (to exclude asthma if doubt remains)
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Echocardiogram
  • CT thorax
  • Serum alpha-1 antitrypsin
19
Q

What is exacerbation of COPD?

A

An acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that result in additional therapy

20
Q

What is mild exacerbation of COPD?

A

Treated with short acting bronchodilators (SABD) only

21
Q

What is moderate exacerbation of COPD?

A

Treated with SABDs plus antibiotics and/or oral corticosteroids

22
Q

What is severe exacerbation of COPD?

A

Patient requires hospitalisation or visits to the emergency department.
- Severe exacerbations may also be associated with acute respiratory failure

23
Q

What are some symptoms of exacerbated COPD?

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Fatigue
  • Cold symptoms
  • Sputum colour changes
  • Sputum volume changes
  • Cough
24
Q

What are the symptoms of non-infective exacerbation of COPD?

A
  • Increased dyspnoea
  • Upper airway symptoms (e.g.:, colds and sore throats)
  • Increased wheeze and chest tightness
  • Fatigue and reduced ex tolerance
  • Marked respiratory distress with dyspnoea + tachypnoea
  • Possibly acute confusion, increased cyanosis, peripheral oedema
  • Respiratory failure
25
What are the symptoms of infective exacerbation of COPD?
- Increased cough - Increased sputum purulence (change in colour and viscocity) - Increased sputum volume - Pyrexia (fever) - Increased dyspnoea - Upper airway symptoms (e.g.:, colds and sore throats) - Increased wheeze and chest tightness - Fatigue and reduced ex tolerance - Marked respiratory distress with dyspnoea + tachypnoea - Possibly acute confusion, increased cyanosis, peripheral oedema - Respiratory failure