Pulmonary hypertension

Question 1

when the person have pulmonary hypertension Mean pulmonary artery pressure is?

Answer 1

> /= 25 mmHg (at rest)

Question 2

Pulmonary hypertension Involves which vessels

Answer 2

Small pulmonary muscular arteries

Question 3

Pulmonary arterial hypertension involvement of small pulmonary musccular arteries
examples

Answer 3

In autoimmune diseases like systemic sclerosis, Can be idiopathic with a strong genectic predisposion

Question 4

list examples of pulmonary hypertension due to congenital or acquired heart disease e.g.

Answer 4

mitral stenosis causing increase in left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure that is transmitted to the pulmonary arterial vasculature

Question 5

Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease/hypoxia e.g.

Answer 5

Interstitial lung diseases that obliterate alveolar capillaries, causing increased pulmonary resistance to blood flow

Question 6

Recurrent pulmonary emboli reduce the functional cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vasculature

Answer 6

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and other obstructions

Question 7

Aetiological classification of pulmonary hypertension

Answer 7

Aetiological classification :
Pulmonary arterial hypertension Involvement of small pulmonary muscular arteries
e.g. in autoimmune diseases like systemic sclerosis. Can be “idiopathic”with a strong genetic predisposition
(2) Pulmonary hypertension due to congenital or acquired heart disease: e.g.
mitral stenosis causing increase in left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure that is transmitted to the pulmonary arterial vasculature
(3) Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease / hypoxia: e.g. interstitial lung
diseases that obliterate alveolar capillaries, causing increased pulmonary resistance toblood flow
(4) Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionand other obstructions:
Recurrent pulmonary emboli reduce the functional cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vasculature
(5) Pulmonary hypertension with unclear/multifactorial mechanisms

Question 8

In pulmonary hypertension pathological changes seen from which vessels?

Answer 8

Main pulmonary arteries to arterioles

Question 9

What happen in large pulmonary arteries in pulmonary hypertension

Answer 9

Atheromatous deposits

Question 10

What happen to medium sized pulmonary arteries in pulmonary hypertension

Answer 10

1. Medial hypertrophy, which is not marked in secondary pulmonary hypertension
2. Concentric intimal thickening
3. Adventitial fibrosis
4. Thickening and replication of elastic lamina

Question 11

What happen to arterioles and small pulmonary arteries (most prominent affected) in pulmonary hypertension

Answer 11

1. Medial hypertrophy
2. Thickening and reduplication of elastic lamina
3. Plexiform pulmonary arteriopathy in which intraluminal tuft of capillary fomration occurs in dilated thin walled arteriolar branches

Question 12

In pulmonary hypertension the presence of many organizing or recanalizing thrombi favours what?

Answer 12

recurrent pulmonary emboli as the cause and the coexistence of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis or severe emphysema and chronic bronchitis points to chronic hypoxia as the initiating event.

Question 13

Restrictive and obstructive lung diseases can affect which circulation

Answer 13

Pulmonary arterial circulation

Question 14

a reduction of normal lung parenchyma diminishes what?

Answer 14

The pulmonary vascular bed, leading to pulmonary hypertension