LRT: Congenital disorders

Question 1

List the congenital disorders under lower respiratory tract

Answer 1

1. Pulmonary hypoplasia
2. Foregut cyst
3. Pulmonary sequestration
4. Miscelinoeus

Question 2

One word

Tracheal/bronchial anomalies is known as what?

Answer 2

Miscelinious

Question 3

One word

Decreased in lung size due to defect in lung development, caused by compression/ restricted expansion of the lung utero.

Answer 3

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 4

Examples of lungs hypoplasia

Answer 4

Congenital diaphragmanti hernia
Oligohydramnios

Question 5

One word

From abnormal detachment of the primitive foregut. Incidental or cause symptoms due to compression of adjacent structures or superimposed infection

Answer 5

Foregut cyst

Question 6

One word

Lung not connected to the airways and has abnormal blood supply arising directly from the aorta or its branches. Can be extralobar or intralobar

Answer 6

Pulmoary sequestration

Question 7

Incomplete lung expansion (neonatal atelectasis) or collapse of previously inflated lung

Answer 7

Atelectasis

Question 8

Atelectasis results to what?

Answer 8

Poorly aerated lung tissue, which reduces oxygenation and predisposes to infection

Question 9

Is atelectasis reversible or irreversible?

Answer 9

Usually reversible unless caused by fibrosis

Question 10

what does the Unaerated collapsed lung causes?

Answer 10

Unaerated collapsed lung-, causes a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, acting as a shunt similar to a cardiac right-to-left shunt that bypasses the lungs, with blood gas parameters from collapsed lung approaching the mixed venous blood entering the right heart

Question 11

Atelectasis gross appearance

Answer 11

Atelectasis, gross
This right lung (∗) is collapsed (atelectatic) because blood filled the pleural cavity (hemothorax) after chest wall trauma. Such a compression atelectasis can also result from filling the potential pleural space of the chest with air or liquid.

Question 12

List the examples of Atelectasis

Answer 12

Incomplete lung expansion (Neonatal atelectasis)
Resorption atelectasis
Compression atelectasis
Contraction atelectasis

Question 13

Atelectasis that is due to focal or generalized pulmonary or pleural fibrosis preventing full lung expansion

Answer 13

Contraction atelectasis

Question 14

Due to airway obstruction (e.g. from excess mucus secretions / exudates, foreign bodies or tumors), resulting in resorption of air from distal alveoli that then collapse. Mediastinum shifts towards the atelectatic lung due to the reduced volume

Answer 14

Resorption atelectasis

Question 15

Due to accumulation of fluid, air or tumours within the pleural cavity.
Mediastinum thus shifts away from the atelectatic lung

Answer 15

Compression atelectasis

Question 16

collapse of previously inflated lung; both result in poorly aerated lung tissue, which reduces oxygenation and predisposes to infection. Usually reversible unless caused by fibrosis

Answer 16

Incomplete lung expansion (Neonatal atelectasis)