Pathology of larynx Flashcards
what group of microorganisms that causes acute laryngitis
Viral and bacterial
what causes chronic laryngitis?
Cigaratte smoking, repeated attacs of infection and atmosphere pollution may lead to chronic inflammation of the larynx
what are two main changes that are seen in chronic laryngitis?
Two main features are changes in the lining epitheliym and Increase in mucus secretion
what is the common cause of acute epiglottis, especially in non immunized children?
Inflammation of the epiglottis due to H influenza type b
The acute epiglottis presents with what?
Presents with high fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice and inspiratory stridor
Th risk of acute epiglottis?
Risk of airway obstruction
One word
The inflammation of the upper airway, parainfluenza virus is the most common cause.
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
The laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) presents with what?
Presents with a hoarse, barking cough and inspiratory stridor
List the types of larynx cysts
Mucus retention cysts
Epidermoid cysts
Branchial cleft cysts
The vocal cord nodules (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps presents with what?
Presents with hoarseness
The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polys happens due to what?
Due to excessive use of vocal cords
They arises on which part of the vocal cords
True vocal cords
explain the vocal cord nodule ?
Usually bilateral, common in females
explain the vocal cord polyps
Unilateral common in men
The microscopic features of vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps
explain
Composed of degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue
The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps resolves when?
Resting of voice
The keratinisation and epithelila hyperplasia without atypia is called?
Keratosis
Epithelila hyperplasia with atypia is called what?
Laryngeal intra-epithelila neoplasia (LIN) I and II
Carcinoma in situ in pregmalinant lesion of larynx is called whaat?
LIN III
Benign squamous epithelium tumour of vocal cords is known as?
Squamous papilloma and papillomatosis
The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis is caused by what?
Due to HPV 6 and 11
The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis usually presents as what?
Presents as hoarseness
how is the squamous papilloma and papillomatosis in adults?
Usually solitary in adults
How is th squamous papilloma and papillomatosis presents in children
Multiple in children
The squamous papilloma is known as what in children?
Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis
When does the squampus papilloma and papillomatosis stop?
May recur but usually regress spontaneously at puberty
95% of laryngeal carcinoma is what?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Explain the pathogenesis sequence of laryngeal carcinoma
Usually follows hyperplasia – dysplasia – carcinoma in-situ – invasive carcinoma sequence.
What causes malignant transformation in larngeal carcinoma
Non-dysplastic hyperplasia has almost no potential for malignant transformation, while the risk of malignant transformation increases with grade of dysplasia
Laryngeal carcinoma is most often related to what?
Most often related to tobacco smoke exposure/ asbestos expoure (epithelial changes can regress prior to malignant tranformation with smoking cessation): synergistic effect with alcohol
what are risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma
Risk factors include diet, irradiation, HPV infection
What are clinical features of laryngeal carcinoma
Incidence: common in>males than females (7:1), 40 years of age presenting with persistant hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia
the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma depends on what?
Clinical stage
the gross appearance of laryngeal carcinoma
Usually arise on vocal cords but can also develop avove or below the cords. Appear as mucosal plaques that can progress into ulcerated fungating masses
The microscopic appearance of laryngeal carcinoma
Typical features of squamous cell carcinoma, often with foci of dysplasia carcinoma in-situ in the adjacent mucsosa.
The normal respiratory tract pseudostratified columnar epithelium has been replaced by the metaplastic squamous epithelium.
