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PATHOLOGY RESPIRATORY > Pathology of larynx > Flashcards

Pathology of larynx Flashcards

1
Q

what group of microorganisms that causes acute laryngitis

A

Viral and bacterial

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2
Q

what causes chronic laryngitis?

A

Cigaratte smoking, repeated attacs of infection and atmosphere pollution may lead to chronic inflammation of the larynx

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3
Q

what are two main changes that are seen in chronic laryngitis?

A

Two main features are changes in the lining epitheliym and Increase in mucus secretion

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4
Q

what is the common cause of acute epiglottis, especially in non immunized children?

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis due to H influenza type b

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5
Q

The acute epiglottis presents with what?

A

Presents with high fever, sore throat, drooling with dysphagia, muffled voice and inspiratory stridor

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6
Q

Th risk of acute epiglottis?

A

Risk of airway obstruction

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7
Q

One word

The inflammation of the upper airway, parainfluenza virus is the most common cause.

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

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8
Q

The laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) presents with what?

A

Presents with a hoarse, barking cough and inspiratory stridor

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9
Q

List the types of larynx cysts

A

Mucus retention cysts
Epidermoid cysts
Branchial cleft cysts

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10
Q

The vocal cord nodules (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps presents with what?

A

Presents with hoarseness

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11
Q

The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polys happens due to what?

A

Due to excessive use of vocal cords

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12
Q

They arises on which part of the vocal cords

A

True vocal cords

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13
Q

explain the vocal cord nodule ?

A

Usually bilateral, common in females

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14
Q

explain the vocal cord polyps

A

Unilateral common in men

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15
Q

The microscopic features of vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps
explain

A

Composed of degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue

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16
Q

The vocal cord nodule (singer’s nodule) + vocal cord polyps resolves when?

A

Resting of voice

17
Q

The keratinisation and epithelila hyperplasia without atypia is called?

A

Keratosis

18
Q

Epithelila hyperplasia with atypia is called what?

A

Laryngeal intra-epithelila neoplasia (LIN) I and II

19
Q

Carcinoma in situ in pregmalinant lesion of larynx is called whaat?

A

LIN III

20
Q

Benign squamous epithelium tumour of vocal cords is known as?

A

Squamous papilloma and papillomatosis

21
Q

The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis is caused by what?

A

Due to HPV 6 and 11

22
Q

The squamous papilloma and papillomatosis usually presents as what?

A

Presents as hoarseness

23
Q

how is the squamous papilloma and papillomatosis in adults?

A

Usually solitary in adults

24
Q

How is th squamous papilloma and papillomatosis presents in children

A

Multiple in children

25
Q

The squamous papilloma is known as what in children?

A

Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis

26
Q

When does the squampus papilloma and papillomatosis stop?

A

May recur but usually regress spontaneously at puberty

27
Q

95% of laryngeal carcinoma is what?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

28
Q

Explain the pathogenesis sequence of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Usually follows hyperplasia – dysplasia – carcinoma in-situ – invasive carcinoma sequence.

29
Q

What causes malignant transformation in larngeal carcinoma

A

Non-dysplastic hyperplasia has almost no potential for malignant transformation, while the risk of malignant transformation increases with grade of dysplasia

30
Q

Laryngeal carcinoma is most often related to what?

A

Most often related to tobacco smoke exposure/ asbestos expoure (epithelial changes can regress prior to malignant tranformation with smoking cessation): synergistic effect with alcohol

31
Q

what are risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma

A

Risk factors include diet, irradiation, HPV infection

32
Q

What are clinical features of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Incidence: common in>males than females (7:1), 40 years of age presenting with persistant hoarseness, dysphagia, dysphonia

33
Q

the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma depends on what?

A

Clinical stage

34
Q

the gross appearance of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Usually arise on vocal cords but can also develop avove or below the cords. Appear as mucosal plaques that can progress into ulcerated fungating masses

35
Q

The microscopic appearance of laryngeal carcinoma

A

Typical features of squamous cell carcinoma, often with foci of dysplasia carcinoma in-situ in the adjacent mucsosa.
The normal respiratory tract pseudostratified columnar epithelium has been replaced by the metaplastic squamous epithelium.

PATHOLOGY RESPIRATORY (27 decks)

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