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Pathophysiology > Pulmonary 1 (Week 13) > Flashcards

Pulmonary 1 (Week 13) Flashcards

1
Q

eupnea

A

normal, effortless breathing

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2
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased rate, increased tidal volume (happens with exercise)

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3
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation (blockage of airway; neurological injury)

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4
Q

hyperventilation

A

alveolar ventilation exceeds metabolic demands; leads to hypercapnia

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5
Q

hypocapnia

A

decreased CO2

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6
Q

what happens when CO2 levels increase

A

as CO2 levels decrease, blood vessels in brain constrict (under local control)
-you pass out

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7
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish coloring of skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes

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8
Q

clubbing

A

bulbous enlargement of tips of fingers or toes, associated with interference with oxygenation

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9
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased O2

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10
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased arterial CO2

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11
Q

adalyctasis

A

closing off of small airways

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12
Q

respiratory failure

A

inadequate gas exchange in lungs (more CO2 than O2)

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13
Q

what is respiratory failure associated with

A

post-surgical patients

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14
Q

chest was restriction

A

chest wall is unable to expand normally due to deformity, trauma, impairment or respiratory muscles (drug overdose), excess adipose tissue

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15
Q

flail chest

A

fracture of several consecutive ribs and/or sternum (common in MVA)

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16
Q

pneumothorax

A

air enters theoretical space between pleura and chest wall and becomes a real space; lungs cant expand much

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17
Q

2 types of pleural effusion

A

transudative effusion

exudative effusion

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18
Q

transudative effusion

A

fluid diffuses from capillaries into pleura, usually due to interference with starling-landis (CHF, hypoproteinemia from liver or kidney disease)

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19
Q

exudative effusion

A

fluid diffuses into pleura usually due to inflammaton or infection

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20
Q

empyema

A

presence of pus in exudate

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21
Q

compression

A

external pressure on lungs

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22
Q

absorption

A

gradual absorption of air from alveoli not actively inflated with new air, can also be caused by certain anesthetic agents

23
Q

surfactant impairment

A

decreased production of surfactant; can be due to premature birth, anesthesia, mechanical ventilation

24
Q

causes of atelectasis

A

compression
absorption
surfactant impairment

25
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

excessive fibrous or connective tissue in the lung wall restricting expansion
-associated with infectious processes, exposure to toxic gasses
(typically due to scar tissue formation on lung wall)

26
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excessive fluid in lungs

27
Q

pulmonary edema typically associated with

A

cardiovascular disease, particularly CHF

28
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

airway obstruction that is worse with expiration (permanent collapse or airways)

29
Q

obsructive pulmonary disease most common in what diseases

A

asthma
chronic bronchitis
emphysema

30
Q

asthma

A

excessive and/or inappropriate bronchoconstriction and inflammation

31
Q

signs and sx of asthma

A

recurrent, episodic bouts of coughing, SOB, chest, tightness, and wheezing

32
Q

most patients diagnosed with asthma by age ___

A

5

33
Q

african americans are (more/less) likely to to die or be hospitalized due to asthma than caucasians

A

more

34
Q

first __ years appear to be important in development of asthma

A

2

35
Q

lower risk of asthma in children who

Hygiene Hypothesis

A 
live on farms
exposed to high levels of bacteria
have large numbers of siblings
early enrollment in child care
exposure to cats/dogs early in life
decreased antibiotic exposure
36
Q

risk factors for asthma

A

low birth weight
male gender
parental smoking

37
Q

dyspneic attacks

A

difficult labored breathing

38
Q

characteristics of asthma

A
  • contraction of smooth muscle
  • mucosal thickening from edema and infiltration of cells
  • presence of abnormally thick mucus
39
Q

asthma thought to be caused by

A

reaction to an antigen which causes an immunologic response (does not explain all forms of asthma)
other idea: inappropriate overreaction of sympathetics

40
Q

nonspecific bronchial hyper reactivity

A

occurrence of bronchospasm when there are stimuli that do not affect healthy airways (most likely an overreaction to sympathetics in lungs)

41
Q

how is bronchial hyper reactivity measured?

A

measure FEV1 and its decrease after inhalation of histamine in aerosols

42
Q

what is a normal FEV1

A

50-75% of vital capacity

43
Q

bronchial hyper reactivity related to

A

airway inflammation

44
Q

eosinophils

A

type of WBC

45
Q

how are eosinophils related to asthma

A

people with asthma typically have higher numbers of eosinophils present in their airways
-correlated with degree of bronchial hyper reactivity

46
Q

what population is COPD rare in

A

non-smokers

47
Q

risk factors of COPD

A 
cigarettes
air pollution
occupational exposure to dusts/gases
heredity
infection
allergies
aging
48
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

presence of a productive cough for most days of at least 3 months during consecutive years

49
Q

what do airways show in chronic bronchitis

A

mucous gland hyperplasia
mucous plugging
ciliated epithelia become squamous (defective mucocillary clearance)

50
Q

risk factors for chronic bronchitis

A

live in an urban area
cigarette smoke
frequent respiratory infections in children
continued exposure to secondhand smoke

51
Q

emphysema characterized by

A

alveolar and bronchiolar wall destruction with dilation of airways
-interferes with alveolar gas exchange and normal respiratory mechanics

52
Q

causes of emphysema

A

smoking
pollutants
injury to epithelial cells (by inflammatory compounds)

53
Q

alpha-1 antitrypsin

A

inhibits proteases and elastases

Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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