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Pathophysiology > Leukocyte and Lymphoid Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Leukocyte and Lymphoid Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

quantitative disorders

A

changes in number of WBCs

-Leukocytosis or leukopenia

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2
Q

qualitative disorders

A

disrupted function of WBCs

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3
Q

leukocytosis

A

elevation in # WBCs

  • normal response with infection, stress, etc
  • abnormal leukocytosis caused by malignancies or blood disorders
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4
Q

leukopenia

A

decrease in # WBCs

-abnormal

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5
Q

what causes leukopenia

A 
decreased production in marrow or increased destruction
exposure to radiation
autoimmune disease
chemotherapy
anaphylactic shock
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6
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

acute viral infection of B lymphocytes usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus

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7
Q

what do B-lymphocytes do

A

produce antibodies

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8
Q

what % of Mono cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus?

A

80%

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9
Q

how is epstein barr virus spread

A

saliva (NOT airbourne)

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10
Q

A lymphocytosis

A

associated with infectious mononucleosis

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11
Q

typical symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

A 
high fever
lymph node swelling
headache
sore throat
chills
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12
Q

age range for infectious mononucleosis

A

80% of kids infected by age 4
symptomatic IM usually occurs age 15-35
rare after age 40

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13
Q

how Mono is diagnosed

A

10% of lymphocytes are atypical
fever
pharyngitis
presence of heterophile antibodies (IgM)

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14
Q

tx for mono

A

rest and avoid strenuous activity
analgesics (ibuprofen)
antipyretics (meds that decrease fever)
treat any opportunistic infections with antibiotics

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15
Q

leukemias

A

malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming tissues

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16
Q

what tissues form blood

A

marrow

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17
Q

how does leukemia start

A

loss of regulation of cell division; bone marrow gets overcrowded which suppresses production of normal cells

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18
Q

4 subtypes of leukemia

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
chronic myelogenous leukemia

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19
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

less than 30% lymphoblasts in blood or bone marrow

there is a blockage of cell differentiation, so the cells don’t reach full function

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20
Q

what type of research has led to tx for ALL?

A

HIV

21
Q

what is the most common leukemia in kids under age 10?

A

acutelymphocytic leukemia

22
Q

complications of acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

bleeding disorders
anemia
opportunistic infections
enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes

23
Q

why do spleen and lymph nodes enlarge?

A

cells accumulate in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

24
Q

is there a genetic component in ALL?

A

yes, but not clearly understood

25
Q

what populations have increased incidence of ALL?

A

developed countries

higher socioeconomic groups

26
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia

A

accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in bone marrow

27
Q

what are myeloid precursor cells?

A

precursor to WBCs

28
Q

risk factors for AML

A 
exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, benzene
older age (highest in 50s)
downs syndrome
29
Q

complications of AML

A

clotting disorders
anemia
infection

30
Q

tx for ALL and AML

A 
chemotherapy
bone marrow transplant (best in ALL)
stem cell transplant
blood transfusion (tx anemia)
nutrition therapy
antibiotics (treat opportunistic infection)
31
Q

what causes chronic leukemias

A

acquired injury to DNA of a bone marrow stem cell

renegade cells

32
Q

causes of injury to DNA

A 
toxic compounds (carcinogens, benzene)
tobacco
33
Q

what happens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

B-cells fail to mature and produce antibodies

sometimes T cells are affected

34
Q

tx of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

chemotherapy
steroid therapy
stem cell therapy?

35
Q

how does chronic myelogenous leukemia start

A

renegade stem cell leads to excessive proliferation in marrow

36
Q

sx of CML

A

painful enlargement of spleen

painful swelling of lymph nodes

37
Q

tx of CML

A

chemotherapy
stem cell transplant
interferon therapy (investigational)

38
Q

interferon therapy

A

prevents viral DNA from getting into host cells

may suppress and/or destroy renegade cells

39
Q

most common types of malignant lymphomas

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

40
Q

Hodgkin lympoma most common in what populations

A

caucasions

teens, 20s, 50s, 60s

41
Q

characteristics of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (malignant cells)

42
Q

sx of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A 
fever
weight loss
night sweats
swelling of lymph glandular tissue
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
43
Q

tx of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

radiation therapy
chemotherapy
marrow transplant
stem cell transplant

44
Q

how many stages of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

IV

45
Q

Characteristics of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

several subcategories based on type of renegade cell

can have low, medium, and high grade

46
Q

how is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma dx

A

biopsy of lymph tissue

47
Q

tx of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A 
varies depending on type of cell involved
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
immunotherapy
cell transplantation (sometimes)
48
Q

does Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma have a worse prognosis

A

Non-Hodgkin

Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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