Leukocyte and Lymphoid Pathophysiology Flashcards
quantitative disorders
changes in number of WBCs
-Leukocytosis or leukopenia
qualitative disorders
disrupted function of WBCs
leukocytosis
elevation in # WBCs
- normal response with infection, stress, etc
- abnormal leukocytosis caused by malignancies or blood disorders
leukopenia
decrease in # WBCs
-abnormal
what causes leukopenia
decreased production in marrow or increased destruction exposure to radiation autoimmune disease chemotherapy anaphylactic shock
Infectious Mononucleosis
acute viral infection of B lymphocytes usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus
what do B-lymphocytes do
produce antibodies
what % of Mono cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus?
80%
how is epstein barr virus spread
saliva (NOT airbourne)
A lymphocytosis
associated with infectious mononucleosis
typical symptoms of infectious mononucleosis
high fever lymph node swelling headache sore throat chills
age range for infectious mononucleosis
80% of kids infected by age 4
symptomatic IM usually occurs age 15-35
rare after age 40
how Mono is diagnosed
10% of lymphocytes are atypical
fever
pharyngitis
presence of heterophile antibodies (IgM)
tx for mono
rest and avoid strenuous activity
analgesics (ibuprofen)
antipyretics (meds that decrease fever)
treat any opportunistic infections with antibiotics
leukemias
malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming tissues
what tissues form blood
marrow
how does leukemia start
loss of regulation of cell division; bone marrow gets overcrowded which suppresses production of normal cells
4 subtypes of leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
chronic myelogenous leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
less than 30% lymphoblasts in blood or bone marrow
there is a blockage of cell differentiation, so the cells don’t reach full function
what type of research has led to tx for ALL?
HIV
what is the most common leukemia in kids under age 10?
acutelymphocytic leukemia
complications of acute lymphocytic leukemia
bleeding disorders
anemia
opportunistic infections
enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes
why do spleen and lymph nodes enlarge?
cells accumulate in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
is there a genetic component in ALL?
yes, but not clearly understood
what populations have increased incidence of ALL?
developed countries
higher socioeconomic groups
acute myelogenous leukemia
accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in bone marrow
what are myeloid precursor cells?
precursor to WBCs
risk factors for AML
exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, benzene older age (highest in 50s) downs syndrome
complications of AML
clotting disorders
anemia
infection
tx for ALL and AML
chemotherapy bone marrow transplant (best in ALL) stem cell transplant blood transfusion (tx anemia) nutrition therapy antibiotics (treat opportunistic infection)
what causes chronic leukemias
acquired injury to DNA of a bone marrow stem cell
renegade cells
causes of injury to DNA
toxic compounds (carcinogens, benzene) tobacco
what happens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
B-cells fail to mature and produce antibodies
sometimes T cells are affected
tx of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
chemotherapy
steroid therapy
stem cell therapy?
how does chronic myelogenous leukemia start
renegade stem cell leads to excessive proliferation in marrow
sx of CML
painful enlargement of spleen
painful swelling of lymph nodes
tx of CML
chemotherapy
stem cell transplant
interferon therapy (investigational)
interferon therapy
prevents viral DNA from getting into host cells
may suppress and/or destroy renegade cells
most common types of malignant lymphomas
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
Hodgkin lympoma most common in what populations
caucasions
teens, 20s, 50s, 60s
characteristics of Hodgkin Lymphoma
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (malignant cells)
sx of Hodgkin Lymphoma
fever weight loss night sweats swelling of lymph glandular tissue increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
tx of Hodgkin Lymphoma
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
marrow transplant
stem cell transplant
how many stages of Hodgkin Lymphoma
IV
Characteristics of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
several subcategories based on type of renegade cell
can have low, medium, and high grade
how is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma dx
biopsy of lymph tissue
tx of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
varies depending on type of cell involved chemotherapy radiation therapy immunotherapy cell transplantation (sometimes)
does Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma have a worse prognosis
Non-Hodgkin
