Inflammation (week 2) Flashcards
prostacyclin
(from COX pathway)
produced by endothelial cells
anticoagulant
thromboxanes
(from COX pathway)
produced by platelets
promote clotting
what does aspirin do to prostacyclin and thromboxane?
inhibits production of them; therefore, acts as an anticoagulant
leukotrienes produced by
aracadonic acid + 5-lipoxygenase
what do leukotrienes do
induce allergic rxn
play role in chemotaxis of WBCs
increase capillary permeability
bronchoconstriction (asthma)
what is given to people who are on an aspirin regimen that need emergency surgery?
vitamin K
lipoxins produced by
aracadonic acid + 12-lipoxygenase
lipoxins do
inhibit inflammatory activity
inhibit chemotaxis of WBCs
may oppose action of leukotrienes
platelet activating factor produced by
vesicles in mast cells
WBCs
endothelial cells
platelet activating factor causes
platelet aggregation
vasodilation
assists to enhance chemotaxis of WBCs
reactive oxygen species
free radicals that cause enhancement of inflammatory activity
can cause damage in healthy tissue
seen in emohesema
antioxidants
oppose the action of free radicals
examples of antioxidants
Vitamin C, E, B-complex
nitric oside released from
endothelial cells
nitric oxide causes
inhibition of several features of the inflammatory response
interference with leukotrienes and TNF
destruction of bacteria
cytokines produced by
variety of WBCs
connective tissue cells
endothelial cells
primary cytokines involved in inflammation
TNF
IL-1
(produced by activated macrophages)
what do cytokines stimulate?
WBC adhesion to capillary walls
movement into tissues
activation of WBCs (attack things that do not belong)
proliferation of fibroblasts
fibroblasts
form collagen scar tissue
what do cytokines play an important role in?
chronic inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis
chemokines produced by
a variety of cells in tissue
chemokines do
act as chemoattractant for WBCs
set up chemotaxis
plasma protein-derived mediators
complement system
coagulation cascade
kinin system
complement system composed of
antibodies
complement system activated by
antibody attachment to antigen (immune complex)
microbial surface glycoproteins
toxins
what does the complement system do?
activate in a chain reaction amplifies inflammation stimulating greater release of histamine enhance chemotaxis of WBCs promote phagocytosis
what will some of the factors that are part of the clotting cascade stimulate?
production of chemokines
activity of COX
adhesion and movement of WBCs in endothelium of capillaries
how is kallikrein produced
some of the clotting cascade factors act upon prekallikrein to form kallikrein
what does kallikrein do?
enzyme that produces bradykinin from kininogen
what does bradykinin do?
increases vascular permeability
stimulate nociceptors
(very similar to prostaglandin)
what do thrombin and fibrinolysis (byproducts of the clotting cascade) do?
mostly act of mast cells
amplify inflammatory response in tissue
resolution
neutralizing and getting rid of injurious stimulusa
causes of chronic inflammation
persistent infection immune-mediated inflammation prolonged exposure to toxic agents overuse inappropriate stress to connective tissue
tendinitis
inflammation of the tendon due to microtears from acute overload with a tensile force that is too heavy or too sudden for tissue to bear
tendinosis
degeneration of collagen due to chronic overuse
tendon does not have time to rest and heal
inflammatory cells usually not found in these tendons, therefore, anti-inflammatory meds may not always work
