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Pathophysiology > Glucose Control and Diabetes (week 4) > Flashcards

Glucose Control and Diabetes (week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

mellitus

A

honey

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2
Q

insipidus

A

invisible; nothing to it

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3
Q

where are islets of langerhans found

A

pancreas

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4
Q

fxn of islets of langerhans

A

regulate metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and protein by release of hormones

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5
Q

what kind of organ is the pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine

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6
Q

islets of langerhans innervated by

A

autonomics

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7
Q

islets of langerhans composed of

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
F cells

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8
Q

islets of langerhans alpha cells location

A

located at periphery of islets

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9
Q

islets of langerhans alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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10
Q

catecholamines and corticosteroids (increase/decrease) glucagon output

A

increase

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11
Q

what does glucagon do

A

promotes release of glucose

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12
Q

secretion of glucagon controlled by

A

blood glucose levels
insulin levels
autonomic input

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13
Q

sypathetic tone (increses/decreases) glucagon output

A

increases

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14
Q

parasympathetic tone (increases/decreases) glucagon output

A

decreases

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15
Q

if blood glucose drops, what is stimulated

A

glucagon output increases

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16
Q

hyperglycemic agent

A

will cause elevation in blood glucose

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17
Q

what does insulin do to glucagon output

A

suppresses it

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18
Q

normal range of blood glucose

A

80-120 mg/dL

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19
Q

hypoglycemic agent

A

decreases blood glucose

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20
Q

islets of langerhans beta cells location

A

middle of islets

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21
Q

islets of langerhans beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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22
Q

insulin release controlled by

A

blood glucose
glucagon
GI hormones
autonomics

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23
Q

what does insulin promote

A

storage of glucose

24
Q

what forms can glucose be stored as

A

glycogen
amino acid
fat

25
Q

islets of langerhans delta cells location

A

periphery of islets

26
Q

islets of langerhans delta cells release

A

gastrin
somatostatin
(both are GI hormones)

27
Q

islets of langerhans delta cells play a role in release of

A

glucagon
insulin
& balance between these 2 chemicals

28
Q

only certainties of islets of langerhans F cells

A

release pancreatic polypeptide

found in pancreatic islet

29
Q

what stimulates release of insulin

A

elevation of blood glucose
elevation of blood amino acids
GI hormones
parasympathetic stimulation to beta cells

30
Q

what inhibits release of insulin

A

decreasing blood glucose
increasing levels of blood insulin
parasympathetic stimulation to alpha cells
increased glucagon output

31
Q

general effects of insulin

A

facilitates uptake of glucose into cells

promotes synthesis of proteins, carboydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

32
Q

insulin action at liver produces

A

increases glucose uptake
promotes synthesis of glycogen and fatty acids
decreases gluconeogenesis
decreases glycogenolysis
decreases ketogenesis (by inhibiting breaking down of fat)

33
Q

insulin action at muscle produces

A

facilitation of production of carbohydrates

34
Q

insulin action at adipose tissue produces

A

facilitation of production of lipid

35
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

making new glucose

36
Q

ketogenesis

A

making ketone bodies by breaking down of fat

37
Q

insulin effects on muscle

A

promotes uptake of glucose and amino acids
increases glycogen synthesis
increases protein synthesis
decreases proteolysis

38
Q

what do glucocorticoids do to muscle

A

decrease utilzation of glucose by muscle

decrease numbers of insulin receptors on muscle

39
Q

insulin’s effects on adipose tissue

A

promotes glucose uptake
stimulates fatty acid synthesis
decreases lipolysis (causes decrease in ketone bodies)

40
Q

glucose intolerance

A

inability to control blood glucose within range of normal during various perturbations (80-120 mg/dL)

41
Q

diagnostic criteria for diabetes

A
  • more than 1 fasting plasma glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL
  • oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL in a 2 hr sample
  • glucose level of 200 mg/dL at anytime of day combined with polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
42
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

43
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive appetite

44
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urine output

45
Q

impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetic)

A
  • higher than normal blood glucose levels but lower than those considered to indicate DM
  • increased risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease
46
Q

is it possible to recover from impaired glucose tolerance

A

yes, with lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), a person can be put back into normal range

47
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

absolute insulin deficiency
due to genetic/environmental interaction
peaks at age 12
insulin dependent

48
Q

what happens to beta cells in Type I DM

A

beta cells get destroyed and therefore do not produce insulin

49
Q

subtypes of Type I DM

A

immune

nonimmune

50
Q

immune subtype of Type I DM

A

cell mediated destruction of beta cells

51
Q

nonimmune subtype of Type I DM

A

presence of genetic defect in beta cells (unusual)

52
Q

what happens to you in type I DM

A

hyperglycemia
unexplained weight loss
ketoacidosis

53
Q

hyperglycemia leads to

A

osmotic diuresis
polyuria
thirst

54
Q

explanation for unexplained weight loss in type I DM

A

protein and fat are broken down for fuel due to unavailability of glucose

55
Q

ketoacidosis results from

A

excessive fat breakdown

Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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