public health models and theories Flashcards
models and theories
organized systems, help us think of how concepts relate, influence and impact outcome/interest
support health promo and disease prevention
help explain complex ideas/concepts, propositions, assumptions, definitions
explain relationships btw and among concepts r/t health and illness and impact on an outcome
why use theories
help organize info
provide direction to guide where we go with info
PH interventions: what could work and why, replicated larger, diff setting, dif health issue
health promo
health belief model
transtheoretical model
types of theories
meso: medium sized pop/com, institution
macro: broad com, sub pop, pop
micro: individual/fam
who is the focus?
first question
individuals = micro -> HBM, TTM
com/society, theory of change
individual/fam and com/society/systems = micro and macro-> ecological model (socioecological), diffusion of innovation
microscopic
examine individual health behaviors and what influences those
variables provide cute to explain health behavior
guide strategies to support individuals to achieve optimal health behaviors
based on value expectancy
address individual perceptions, modify factors, likelihood of action, individual rf
value expectancy
expectations and values and beliefs that affect health behavior and motivation
values + expectancy = motivation to make change
expectancy
abilities and belief they (individual) can change
value
worth, importance, effort, interest
health belief model
individual perception + modifying factors + likelihood of action
health belief model: individual perceptions
perceived susceptibility and/or seriousness of disease
health belief model: modifying factors
demographic variables: race, gender, ethnicity
sociopsychological variables: personality, social class, peer and reference group pressure
perceived threat of disease
cues to action
health belief model: modifying factors - cues to action
mass media, advice from others, reminder postcard, illness of fam/friend, newspaper or magazine
health belief model: likelihood of action
perceived benefits of preventative action - perceived barriers to preventative action
perceived susceptibility
one’s opinion of chances of getting a condition
perceived serverity
ones opinion of how serious a condition is and what its consequences are
perceived benefits
ones belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk of seriousness of impact
perceived barriers
ones opinions of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action
cues to action
strategies to activate readiness
self efficacy
confidence in ones ability to take action
transtheoretical model
precontemplation, contemplation, pop/determination, action, maint
exit and re-enter at any stage
macroscopic: empowerment theories
focus on achieving goals by leveraging com strengths and resources and resilience
examine social structures and factors -> those with more disadvantages face more barriers: gender disparities, racism, ethnocentrism, education, health lit, class disparities
macroscopic: empowerment theories - theory of change
explain how interventions are expected to lead to specific change
all steps are intertwined
theory of change - impact
systemic change that you expect to see long term
theory of change - outcome
intended and unintended change that stakeholders experience or may experience with intervention, broader
theory of change - output
immediate results of activities/products, needed for outcomes
theory of change - activities
answer -> what needs to happen for each outcome to occur?
theory of change - inputs
resources or investments needed to ensure the activities take place
macroscopic: ecological
better understand human behavior, assess when individual level intervention/behaviors arent changing, interventions (address multiple levels) that take place on multiple levels are more effective
ecological: levels
interact with each other, factors influence each other
ecological: levels - individuals
knowledge, attitude, skill, beliefs
biologic/personal hx factors
ecological: levels - interpersonal
friend/fam, social network
relationships
ecological: levels - institutions
organization, schools, workplace
ecological: levels - community
city, neighborhood, resources, norms
ecological: levels - policy/societal
fed, state, local legislation
culture norms, social inequalities
diffusion of innovation
idea/product gains momentum and diffuses through specific pop or social system overtime
adoption: person/pop must perceive idea, behavior, product as new or innovative
diffusion of innovation - limits
dont originate in public health
not participatory approach -> just categorize and monitor
better with positive change -> adoption > prevent
dont consider access
diffusion of innovation - use in public health
accelerate adoption of ph programs that typically aimed to change behavior of social system
target certain pop -> understand how to target them
mask and vaccines - covid, cell phones, social media
