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communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

infectious disease

A

lymes
when living organism enters body and causes disease

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2
Q

communicable disease

A

flu
transmitted from one human/nonhuman to another
all are infectious

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3
Q

communicable diseases and pandemics throughout history

A

downward trend in death at beginning of 1900s -> vax, sanitation, tm, abx
stigmatized -> communities affected and country of origin
biowarfare: 2001 = antrhax letters

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4
Q

1918

A

flu

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5
Q

1980s

A

causal connections with infectious organisms (chronic) -> PUD with H. pylori
resurg of infectious diseases in 80s, increase in abx resistance

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6
Q

1990s

A

food supply concers: unpasteruzied, improperly cooked beef
1993: hantavirus pulm syndrome -> SE US
1996: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad vow disease), vCJD in humans
1997: VRSA, H5N1 (avian influenza)
1999: west nile

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7
Q

2000s

A

viral hemorrhaghic fevers: ebola and marburg (largest outbreak in 2014), seen a lot in entertainment
SARS: select agent -> potential pose severe threat to public health and safety, keep eye on it
more food borne -> recalls, E. coli in green chiles and raw cookie dough, salmonella in PB, listeria in cantaloupes
H1N1 in 2009, MERS-Cov, zika, covid 19

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8
Q

factors influencing new infectious diseases

A

societal events: economics, poverty, war, pop growth and migration, urban decay
hc: +/-
food production: global processing
human behavior: sex, drugs, travel, diet, outdoor rec, facilities
env: deforest, reforest, water, food, flood, drought, famine
public health: prevent
microbial adaptation: virulence, resistance

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9
Q

epidemiologic change: agent

A

cause of disease
type: bacteria (reproduce on own), virus (cant reproduce on own), parasite (survive at expense of host)
ability to cause injury of illness of host

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10
Q

infectivity

A

ability to enter host and multiply

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11
Q

invasiveness

A

ability to spread through host

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12
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease in hsot

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13
Q

virulence

A

severity of disease caused

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14
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability to produce damaging poison (toxin)

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15
Q

antigenicity

A

ability to stim an immune response in host

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16
Q

epidemiologic change: host

A

person or animal that harbors agent
exposure
host susceptibility: health status, genetics
host response: to agent, harbor v disease

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17
Q

epidemiologic change: env

A

external conditions that influence interaction btw agent and host
phys: geology and climate
bio: pop density, flora and fauna
psych: occupation, living location, economic dev and urbanization

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18
Q

reservoir

A

where agent survives and multiplies
concept, not part of triangle
can be internal (E. coli in colon) or external (water)
inanimate: water, soil, food, etc
animate:
human = symptomatic, non symptomatic carrier -> can still spread (typhoid mary)
nonhuman (animal): zoonosis = agents harbored by non human vertebrae animal reservoirs
reservoir host = host that serves as a reservoir

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19
Q

modes of transmisson: direct

A

immediate transfer of agent from 1 human to another -> less than 3 ft
contact: direct transfer with v close contact (STI)
droplet: expelled from 1 hand picked up by another (flu, RSV, diptheria)

20
Q

modes of transmission: indirect

A

> 3 ft
vehicle borne
vector borne
airborne

21
Q

modes of transmission: indirect - vehicle borne

A

animate (human) -> hc workers moving btw pt rooms
inanimate: formites = toys, stethoscope, shopping cart
food or liquid

22
Q

modes of transmission: indirect - vector borne

A

mosquitoes
usually arthropods (invertebrates)

23
Q

modes of transmission: indirect - airborne

A

TB, COVID, chicken pox, cold
expelled small droplets -> cough, sneeze, sing
travel further, stay in air longer, higher transmission

24
Q

patterns of transmission: unidirectional

A

non human -> human
toxoplasmosis (cat)

25
patterns of transmission: vertical
parent to child during fetal dev, birth, breast feed HIV
26
patterns of transmission: endogenous
internal source (already in body -> E. coli in colon)
27
patterns of transmission: bidirectional
non human <-> human malaria
28
patterns of transmission: horizontal
person -> person cold, flu, covid
29
patterns of transmission: exogenous
external source botulism
30
latent period
btw entering host, find favorable conditions, replicate before shedding
31
incubation
btw invasion and s/s can overlap with communicability
32
communicability period
contagious can overlap with incubation PH focused here
33
portals of entry
mucous mem, resp tract, skin, blood vessels, placenta
34
portals of exit
intestinal tract, resp tract, skin, blood, semen and vaginal fluids, wound exudate
35
how do we control communicable diseases?
control agent -> sterilize, disinfect control restervoir -> eradicate non human (water), control human (treat infected, quarantine), control portals of entry and exit (mask, precautions), improve host resistance and immunity (vax, nutrition)
36
disease rates
more important with diseases with long duration incidence = new prevalence = total
37
focuses of PH: prevention
decrease or eliminate exposure or susceptibility to a disease upstream
38
focuses of PH: control
decrease incidence or prevalence of disease
39
focuses of PH: eliminaiton
control of a disease w/n specific geographic area
40
focuses of PH: eradicate
decrease incident worldwide to zero
41
surveillance
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of health data purpose = alert to change, detect, monitor, control spread of communicable organizations: hcp -> local/regional HD -> state health dp -> CDC -> WHO state makes decision on which diseases will be reported (w/n jurisdiction)
42
isolation
individual level communicable disesae limit person to person transmission
43
quarantine
pop level spectrum: communicable, natural or chm disasters limit person to person transmission
44
quarantine: levels
shelter in place targeted restrictions on movement and activities -> cancel concerts, games, activities compulsory widespread restriction of movements and activities -> phys boundaries = airports, countries
45
contact tracing
how we find new cases and stop spread
46
outbreak action plan
assemble/activate team -> control determine coverage in affected and surrounding area enhance surveillance notify appropriate people educate case pts and contacts proper case management obtain specimens for lab confirmation implement control activities to limit transmission -> isolate/quarantine collect detailed data on cases and outbreak response

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