Public Health and Nutrition Flashcards
What are the convincing and probable risk factors for cancer of the oesophagus?
Convincing = Body fattness and alcoholic drinks Probable = Mate (hot herbal drink in S America)
What are the probable risk factors for cancer of the Stomach?
Probable = Body fattness, alcohol, preserved/salted food, processed meat
What are the convincing and probable risk factors for cancer of the colon and rectum?
Convincing = processed meat, alcohol and body fattness Probable = red meat
What are the convincing and probable preventative measures for cancer of the oesophagus?
Convening = physical activity Probable = Whole grains, dietary fibre, dairy, calcium supplements
What percentge of colorectal cancers could be prevented by diet and lifestyle modification?
45%
What is the alcohol guideline?
No more than 14 units a week for men and women
What is the fibre guideline?
30g fibre per day
What is the redand processed meat guideline?
< 70g a day or 500g per week with as little processed meat as possible
How can obesity cause breast cancer?
Hyperoestrogenaemia from aromatase
How does obesity cause most GI cancers?
Inflammation and growth factors, tissue damage and acid reflux and gall stones
What proportion of adults in the UK are overweight/obese?
2/3rds are overweight or obese with 1/3rd being obese
High BMI worsens the mortality for colorectal cancer and exercise post diagnosis can improve prognosis, QoL and decrease recurrence. T or F?
True
Does Link syndrome increase the risk of colorectal cancer and what can be given as prophylaxis?
Yes- especially in obese subjects. Linch gene predisposes obesity.
Asprin given as prophylaxis
Are people at high risk of colon and breast cancers and going to screening aware of the risk factors?
Some of them, not all of them and knowledge doesn’t necessarily translate to behaviour
Nutrition can be used in the prevention, management and prognosis of disease. True or false?
True. Prognosis is mostly related to under nutrition
What are the lifestyle influences on nutrition choice?
Individual preferences, social and community influences, liviing and working conditions, general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions
What parentage of total dietary energy should be free sugars?
5%
How many portions of fish a week?
2 with one being oily fish
Are there differences in eating habits by gender and age?
Yes both. Men tend to be worse and you tend to make better choices as you get older
Which ethnic group have the worst diets?
White British
Do eating habits change with levels of deprivation?
Yes. Worse diet in more deprived areas. This is reflected in obesity levels being worse in deprived areas
How much of our total food and drink expenditure is on alcohol?
15%
Knowledge, motivation and behaviour are all individual factors when it comes to behaviour change. true or false?
True
Most people are not contemplating whether to change their diet. True or false?
True
What must be done alongside education to help people to change their diets?
Access and availability, acceptability (cultural norms + marketing), affordability
What can doctors and health professional do to help people improve their diets?
Advocy (policy and government) Signpost Brief interventions Provide written advice Refer to dietitian
Do people generally under or over estimate their weight?
Under estimate
What are the 5 As (The basic principles of behaviour change counselling)?
1) Ask
2) Assess
3) Advise
4) Agree on goals
5) Assit (self monitoring tools, social support, referral, prevent relapse
