Public Health and Nutrition

Question 1

What are the convincing and probable risk factors for cancer of the oesophagus?

Answer 1

Convincing = Body fattness and alcoholic drinks
Probable = Mate (hot herbal drink in S America)

Question 2

What are the probable risk factors for cancer of the Stomach?

Answer 2

Probable = Body fattness, alcohol, preserved/salted food, processed meat

Question 3

What are the convincing and probable risk factors for cancer of the colon and rectum?

Answer 3

Convincing = processed meat, alcohol and body fattness
Probable = red meat

Question 4

What are the convincing and probable preventative measures for cancer of the oesophagus?

Answer 4

Convening = physical activity
Probable = Whole grains, dietary fibre, dairy, calcium supplements

Question 5

What percentge of colorectal cancers could be prevented by diet and lifestyle modification?

Answer 5

45%

Question 6

What is the alcohol guideline?

Answer 6

No more than 14 units a week for men and women

Question 7

What is the fibre guideline?

Answer 7

30g fibre per day

Question 8

What is the redand processed meat guideline?

Answer 8

< 70g a day or 500g per week with as little processed meat as possible

Question 9

How can obesity cause breast cancer?

Answer 9

Hyperoestrogenaemia from aromatase

Question 10

How does obesity cause most GI cancers?

Answer 10

Inflammation and growth factors, tissue damage and acid reflux and gall stones

Question 11

What proportion of adults in the UK are overweight/obese?

Answer 11

2/3rds are overweight or obese with 1/3rd being obese

Question 12

High BMI worsens the mortality for colorectal cancer and exercise post diagnosis can improve prognosis, QoL and decrease recurrence. T or F?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Does Link syndrome increase the risk of colorectal cancer and what can be given as prophylaxis?

Answer 13

Yes- especially in obese subjects. Linch gene predisposes obesity.
Asprin given as prophylaxis

Question 14

Are people at high risk of colon and breast cancers and going to screening aware of the risk factors?

Answer 14

Some of them, not all of them and knowledge doesn’t necessarily translate to behaviour

Question 15

Nutrition can be used in the prevention, management and prognosis of disease. True or false?

Answer 15

True. Prognosis is mostly related to under nutrition

Question 16

What are the lifestyle influences on nutrition choice?

Answer 16

Individual preferences, social and community influences, liviing and working conditions, general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

Question 17

What parentage of total dietary energy should be free sugars?

Answer 17

5%

Question 18

How many portions of fish a week?

Answer 18

2 with one being oily fish

Question 19

Are there differences in eating habits by gender and age?

Answer 19

Yes both. Men tend to be worse and you tend to make better choices as you get older

Question 20

Which ethnic group have the worst diets?

Answer 20

White British

Question 21

Do eating habits change with levels of deprivation?

Answer 21

Yes. Worse diet in more deprived areas. This is reflected in obesity levels being worse in deprived areas

Question 22

How much of our total food and drink expenditure is on alcohol?

Answer 22

15%

Question 23

Knowledge, motivation and behaviour are all individual factors when it comes to behaviour change. true or false?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Most people are not contemplating whether to change their diet. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What must be done alongside education to help people to change their diets?

Answer 25

Access and availability, acceptability (cultural norms + marketing), affordability

Question 26

What can doctors and health professional do to help people improve their diets?

Answer 26

Advocy (policy and government)
Signpost
Brief interventions
Provide written advice
Refer to dietitian

Question 27

Do people generally under or over estimate their weight?

Answer 27

Under estimate

Question 28

What are the 5 As (The basic principles of behaviour change counselling)?

Answer 28

1) Ask
2) Assess
3) Advise
4) Agree on goals
5) Assit (self monitoring tools, social support, referral, prevent relapse