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GI > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the oral cavity are covered by keratinised

stratified squamous epithilium?

A

Hard palate
Gingiva
The rest is non keratinised squamous epithilium

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2
Q

What type of epithilium covers the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithilium

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3
Q

What type of epithilium cover the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (horizontal part)

A

Stratified squamous epithilium which is thin on the ventral surface but thick with papillae of the dorsal surface

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4
Q

What type of epithilium covers the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue (descending part)?

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithilium which except for the circumvallate papillae, lacks papillae but does hace substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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5
Q

What are circumvallate papillae?

A

Papillae found just posterior to the sulcus terminalis and contain tastebuds which detect bitter tasting foods

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae and which do not have tastebuds?

A

Fungiform
Foliate
Filiform (no tastebuds)
Circumvallate

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7
Q

Where are foliate papillae found?

A

Lateral aspects of the dorsal surface of the tongue

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8
Q

Where are fungiform papillae found?

A

Middle of the tongue

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9
Q

Where are filiform papillae found?

A

Across the whole dorsal surface of the tongue

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10
Q

Does the descending tongue have crypts?

A

Yes- often surrounded by lymphoid tissue with some lymphiod follicles

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11
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract form the oesophagus to the anal canal?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa- lose connective tissue
3) Muscularis externa
4) Serosa or Adventicia

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12
Q

What is within the mucosa?

A

1) Epithilium which sits on a basal lamina
2) Lamina propria which is loose connective tissue
3) Muscularis mucosae which is a thin layer of smooth muscle

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13
Q

What is within the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue

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14
Q

What is within the muscularis externa?

A

Two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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15
Q

What is within the adventicia?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue which either suspends the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

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16
Q

Where are submucosal glands found?

A

Within the oesophagus

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17
Q

What is the function of oesophageal submucosal glands?

A

To secrete mucin which protects the oesophageal wall from damage especially from acid

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18
Q

What type of epithilium lines the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithilium

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19
Q

What type of epithilium line the cardia of the stomch?

A

Columnar epithilium

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20
Q

What is the name of the point where the epithilium changes from stratified squamous in the oesophagus to columnar in the stomch?

A

Gastro-oesophageal junction

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21
Q

There are holes found in the stomach wall within the mucosa. What are the holes called and what is found within them?

A

Gastric pits and at the bottom ar between 1 and 7 gastric glands

22
Q

Gastric pits are lined with epithilial cells. True or flase?

A

True

23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gastric gland?

A

Isthmus, neck and base

24
Q

The cells of the gastric glands are not evenly distributed. Which cells are found where (parietal, mucus, stem, chief and neuroendocrine cells)?

A 
Isthmus = parietal cells (Release HCl, intrinsic factor and gastroferrin)
Neck = mostly mucus and stem cells
Base = Chief cells (pepsinogen) and neuroendocrine cells
25
Q

What do chief cells produce and what characterises them?

A

Pepsinogen. Have Zymogen granules which cantain the enzyme.Appear darker. Lots of RER ad ACh receptors

26
Q

What do parietal cells secrete and what are tehre characteristics?

A

Hydrochloric acid.

ACh, Histamine and Gastrin receptor on the basal surface and secretort canaliculus

27
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomch and how is the mucosa different in each part?

A

Cardia: Deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands
Fundus:
Body: Shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands
Pylorus: deep gastric pits with branched, coilded gastric glands at a higher density than the cardia

28
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

It contains an additional oblique layer of muscle which is located internal to the circular layer. It aids the churning action of the stomch

29
Q

What happens at the gastroduodenal junction?

A

Mucosa changes

The inner circular layer f smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

30
Q

What characteries the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Villi and crypts of Lieberkuhn

31
Q

What is a unique histological feature of the duodenum?

A

Contains Brunners glands in the submucosa which are stimulated by the presence of chyme

32
Q

What is the function of Brunners glands?

A

empty into the intestinal glands, secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium, therefore protecting it from the acid chyme of the stomach.

33
Q

What is the unique histological feature of the jejunum?

A

Tallest Villi, located on permanent circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa, the plicae circularis

34
Q

What is the unique histological feature of the ileum?

A

Aggregations of lymphiod follicles- Peyers patches found in the submucosa and extending into the lamina propria

35
Q

What are the features of enterocytes?

A

Most numerous cell of the small intestine. Columnar cells with a brush boarder and are the principle absorptive cell

36
Q

What are the features of goblet cells?

A

Produce mucin to protect the epithilium and lubricate the passage of material

37
Q

What are the features of Paneth cells found in the small intestine?

A

Found at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn, they have a defensive function and a role in regulating bacterial flora (secrete lysosomes and defensins)

38
Q

What are the features of neuroendocrine cells in the small intestine?

A

Produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility eg gastrin CCK, vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP

39
Q

What is the function of stem cells found in the small intestine?

A

Found at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn and divide to replenish epithilium

40
Q

Plicae circularis contain mucosa and submucosa. T or F?

A

True and are found in the jejunum

41
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut associaed lymphoid tissue

42
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells in the large intestine?

A

Absorptive cells for removal of salt and water

Goblet cells or the secretion of mucus to lubricate the colon

43
Q

Does the large intestine contain crypts?

A

Yes but no villi

44
Q

What are crypts?

A

Straight tubular glands which extend down to the muscularis mucosae

45
Q

How is the longitudinal muscle arranged in large intestine?

A

Not continuous but is found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

46
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Blind ending hollow extension of the cecum

47
Q

How is the structure of the appendix different to the structure of the colon?

A

Far fewer crypts and there is typically a circular arragement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and the lamina propria.
Lymphoid tissue declines with age

48
Q

What happens at the rectoanal junction?

A

Rectal mucosa is columnar and the epithelium of the anal canal is stratified squamous epithelium which continues with the stratified squamous epithelium of the surrounding skin

49
Q

How long is the anal canal?

A

2-3cm

50
Q

Where are the ganglia of the ENS found?

A

Between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa

51
Q

The ENS controls gut motility. What is the plexus called that does this?

A

Myenteric plexus- found in the muscularis extena

52
Q

There is another network of neurons found in the submucosa. WHat is this called and what does it do?

A

Submucosal plexus

Controls the muscles of the muscularis mucosae and regulates secretion into the epithilium

GI (48 decks)

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