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Family Medicine > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is population health?

A

Health of defined group of people

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2
Q

What is public health?

A

Organised activity of society to promote, protect, improve + restore health of individuals, groups or population

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3
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of distribution of determinants of disease, health related states + events

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4
Q

6 core functions of public health

A

1) Health protection
2) health surveillance
3) disease + injury prevention
4) population health assessment
5) health promotion
6) emergency preparedness + response

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5
Q

What is health equity vs equality?

A 
Equity = when all people have opportunity to attain full health potential 
Equality = populations have equal health status
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6
Q

What is a handicap vs disability?

A 
Handicap = disadvantage arising from impairment or disability 
Disability = any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity
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7
Q

What is the Ottawa charter for health promotion?

A

Charter states that government should be involved in health promotion:

1) building healthy public policy
2) creating supportive environments
3) strengthening community action
4) developing personal skills
5) re-orienting health services

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8
Q

What are vulnerable populations + why?

A

Indigenous = low SES, violence, unemployment, homelessness
Black population = low SES
Isolated seniors = isolation, institutionalisation, inactivity, polypharmacy
Children in poverty
People with disabilities
New immigrants = exposure to disease
Homeless people = low income, mental illness, substance abuse
Refugee = PTSD, disease from country of origin

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9
Q

Traditional indigenous approaches to healing

A

Balance in 4 realms of spiritual, emotional, mental + physical health
Ideas represented by medicine wheel (First Nations), Learning Blanket (Inuits) + Metis Tree (holistic lifelong learning)

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10
Q

What is passive prevention?

A

Measures that operate without the persons’ active involvement (i.e. airbags)

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11
Q

What is primary, secondary + tertiary disease prevention?

A 
1’ = protect disease onset, reduce exposure to RF 
2’ = early detection of disease 
3’ = Tx + rehab to prevent progression
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12
Q

Types of screening

A

Universal = all members of population
Selective = screening targeted sub-groups
Multiphasic screening = use of many measurements to look for multiple diseases

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13
Q

Types of bias in screening

A

Lead time bias = overestimation of time between detection via screening vs clinical detection
Length time bias = overestimation of survival time due to screening including more stable cases

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14
Q

What is the difference between disease prevention + health promotion?

A

Disease prevention: health is absence of disease, aimed at specific pathology, medical model
Health promotion = participatory model of health, aimed at population

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15
Q

What is incidence vs prevalence?

A 
Incidence = number of new cases/ people at risk (measures the rate of new infection)
Prevalence = number of existing cases/ people at risk (measure frequency of disease)
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16
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

Psych model to explain + predict behaviours
Someone will adopt beneficial health behaviour if 3 beliefs are present:
Negative health outcome is avoidable
Expects health outcome can be prevented if recommended health behaviour is adopted
Individual can be successful in adopting behaviour

17
Q

Top 5 causes of mortality in Canada for women

A 
Cancer
Heart disease
Stroke 
Chronic lower respotary disease 
Accidents
18
Q

Top 5 causes of mortality in Canada for men

A 
Cancer
Heart disease
Accidents
Chronic lower respotary disease 
Stroke
19
Q

What is PYLL?

A

Potential years of life lost

Calculated using difference between actual age of death + expected age of death

20
Q

What is DALY?

A

Disability adjusted life year

Life expectancy weighted by amount of disability experienced

21
Q

What is Berkson’s bias?

A

Can occur in case control study using hospitalised controls as they may not be representative of population

22
Q

What is a confounder?

A

Variable related to exposure + outcome but is not a mediator

23
Q

What is pre vs post test probability?

A 
Pre = probability that pt has given disease before test results are known 
Post = probability that pt has disease after hx/ exam
24
Q

What is number needed to test vs number needed to harm?

A 
NNT = number needed to treat to achieve one additional favourable outcome 
NNH = number who, if received tx, would lead to 1 pt being harmed
25
Q

What are the types of observational study design?

A

Ecological
Cross-sectional
Case control
Cohort

26
Q

What is per-protocol analysis?

A

Strategy of analysis in which only pts who complete entire study are counted in

27
Q

What is intention to treat analysis?

A

Groups are analysed exactly as they existed upon randomisation

28
Q

What is a type 1 + 2 error?

A

Type 1 = null hypothesis is falsely rejected – stating there is an effect when there is not
Type 2 = null hypothesis is falsely accepted – stating intervention is not effective when it is

29
Q

Difference between Pearson + Spearman correlation?

A

Pearson is for continuous + normal data

Spearman is for ordinal or non-normal data

30
Q

What is the criteria causation (Sir Bradford Hill)?

A 
Strength of association 
Consistency 
Specificity 
Temporal relationship
Biological gradient 
Biological plausibility 
Coherence
31
Q

What is quality improvement?

A

Means of evaluating + improving processes

32
Q

What is quality assurance?

A

Process to guarantee quality of healthcare through improvement
5 stage process:
1) formulation of working goals
2) procedural changes to implement those goals
3) regular comparison of current performance + original goals
4) development of solutions to bring performance closer to goals
5) documentation of quality assurance acitivities

33
Q

What is the precede-proceed model?

A

Tool for designing, implementing + evaluating health interventions
Precede = identify issues
Proceed = implement

34
Q

What is cost-benefit vs cost-effectiveness analysis?

A 
CBA = compared total expected cost with total expected benefit 
CEA = ratio of change in cost to change in effect in response to new strategy
35
Q

What is an outbreak, endemic, epidemic, pandemic?

A 
Outbreak = increase in usual frequency of disease
Endemic = consistent existence of infectious agent in population 
Epidemic = increase in cases of disease above what is usually expected
Pandemic = epidemic that has spread internationally
36
Q

What is active vs passive surveillance?

A 
Active = outreach such as visits or calls by public health to detect unreported cases 
Passive = public health depends on others to report cases

Family Medicine (10 decks)

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