Extra 3 Flashcards by Hannah Gibson

Describe Reye’s syndrome

Encephalopathy + liver damage + failure

Due to giving aspirin to kids after flu or chicken pox

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Describe mechanism of transverse myelitis

Inflammation of neuron across length of spinal cord

Due to infections, MS or idiopathic

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S+S, Dx + Tx of transverse myelitis

Affects sensory, motor + autonomic bilaterally
LP with increased WBC, MRI
Tx = cause

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Describe mechanism of Charcot-marie tooth

Auto dom
Progressive hereditary disorder of PNS
Defective protein in myelin sheath
Onion bulb appearance of myelin

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S+S of Charcot-marie tooth

Muscular atrophy
Weakness + foot drop - hammer toes
Peripheral neuropathy

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Dx + Tx of Charcot-marie tooth

Dx = electromyography + nerve conduction studies + DNA test 
Tx = supportive

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Mechanism + causes of GBS

Demyelinating disease of PNS

Develops after infection; campylobacter jejuni, mycoplasma pneumonia, CMV, EBV

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S+S of GBS

Paraesthesia to touch + vibration
Weakness + loss of reflexes
Damage to cranial nerves
Autonomic - bladder / bowel

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Dx + tx of GBS

Dx - LP increased protein/ albumin, nerve conduction studies + EMG
Tx = immunosuppressants, plasmophoresis, IVIG

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Mechanism of neurofibromatosis

Fibrous tumors from nervous system
Type 1 = NF1 - 17
Type 2 = NF2 - 22
Auto dominant

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Describe type 1 NF

Von Recklinhausen

Fibromas formed from Schwann cells, fibroblasts + immune cells 
Painless, mobile lumps under skin 
Cafe au lait spots 
Lisch nodules on iris 
Risk of seizures + learning difficulties

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Describe type 2 NF

Brain, spinal cord + cranial nerve tumors
Bilateral acoustic neuroma (tinnitus + hearing loss)
Meningiomas - compress + cause seizures
Risk of cataracts + hamartomas

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Describe Von hippel Lindau

genetic disease causing tumors in CNS, kidneys, adrenal glands + PNETS
Most commonly haemangioblastoma in retina + brain

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Describe spinal muscular atrophy

Autosomal recessive

Reduced deep tendon reflexes, flaccid atrophy

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Describe glioblastoma

Highly malignant brain tumor
Rapidly crosses corpus callosum
Pseudopallitating pattern

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Describe meningioma

Subdural

Formed of calcifications called pseumomma bodies

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Describe oligodendroglioma

Typically in frontal lobes (heavily myelinated)

Round nuclei give a fried egg appearance (chicken wire)

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Describe haemangioblastoma

Commonly in cerebellum

Slow growing, thin capillaries together

Describe mechanism of glaucoma

group of disease due to raised IOP that damages optic nerve, due to drainage of fluid blocked

Describe open angle glaucoma

Slow blockage so gradually increasing IOP
Loss of peripheral vision then central
Outer rim atrophy of optic nerve

Describe closed angle glaucoma

Due to lens being pushed against iris
sudden increase in IOP
Sudden onset eye pain, redness, blurry vision, N/V, haloes

Dx + Tx of glaucoma

Dx = tonometry of IOP, visual field testing + cupping 
Tx = beta adrenergic receptor antagonists

Describe mechanism of IgA nephropathy

AKA Berger’s disease
IgA deposits in kidneys - immune complex with IgG
Damage causes haematuria
Presents in childhood after infection of mucosal lining (resp or GI)

Describe mechanism of Goodpastures

Autoimmune disease
affects lungs + kidneys - hemoptysis + hematuria
Autoantibodies bind to collagen (IgG)
Type 3 hypersensitivity

Dx + Tx of goodpastures

Biopsy - antibasement membrane ab | Steroids + immunosuppressants

Describe type 1 renal tubular acidosis

Distal - unable to secrete protons | Due to genetic mutation or acquired defect (lithium)

Describe type 2 renal tubular acidosis

proximal - unable to reabsorb HCO3- | Due to genetics or part of Fanconi syndrome

Describe type 3 renal tubular acidosis

proximal + distal

Describe type 4 renal tubular acidosis

Hyperkalaemic acidosis or severe hypovolemia | due to Addisons or SLE/ lithium

Tx of renal tubular acidosis

Type 1 + 2 = replenish HCO3- + K+ w/ thiazide + loop diuretics Type 4 = Tx hypoaldosteronism w/ loop diuretics + fludrocortisone

Describe mechanism of renal artery stenosis

``` Reduced blood flow so low BP in kidney Kidneys increase systemic BP Renin is increased which causes vasoconstriction + Na+ absorption Can cause bruits String of beads sign ```

Mechanism of sarcoidosis

Immune disorder forming nodules around body Non caseating granulomas Large multinucleated cells (Langhans giants) w/ Schaumann bodies or asteroid bodies

RF for sarcoidosis

AA | Infection with TB or borrelia burgodorferi

Dx of sarcoidosis

Increased Ca + ACE Bronchoalveolar lavage = increased T cells Biopsy is definitive

Osteopenia vs osteomalacia

``` Osteopenia = weakened bone, precursor to osteoporosis Osteomalacia = softening bone due to low Vit D + Ca ```

Describe causes, S+S, Dx + Tx of encephalitis

95% due to HSV Fever, headache, psych symptoms, seizures, vomiting LP w/ lymphocytosis + increased protein, PCR for HSV tX = acyclovir

Types of MND

ALS = LMN signs in arms, UMN signs in legs Primary lateral sclerosis = UMN signs only Progressive muscular atrophy = LMN signs only

Dx + Tx of MND

Clinical, electromyography shows decreased action potentials with increased amplitude Tx = riluzole

Describe UMN signs

Increased tone Increased reflexes/ clonus Babinski's sign present Weakness is grouped in muscles

Describe LMN signs

Decreased tone Atrophy + fasciculations present Decreased reflexes Individual muscles weak

Describe Kaposi's sarcoma

Cancer caused by HSV-8 Abnormal blood vessels formed in mouth, nose + throat Biopsy shows spindle cells

Describe Nelson's syndrome

Rapid enlargement of ACTH producing adenoma after removal of both adrenal glands (due to Tx for Cushings) Can cause mass effect

What heart valve pathology is carcinoid syndrome associated with?

Right sided (TR + PS)

S+S of syringomelia

Cape loss of sensation to temp only | Spastic weakness of upper limbs, neuro pain + upgoing plantars