Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Family Medicine > Extra 2 > Flashcards

Extra 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common thyroid cancer

A

Papillary - can be caused by radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of non functional thyroid cancer

A

Papillary
Follicular - due to low iodine
Hurthe - seen in inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe medullary thyroid cancer

A

Arise from parafollicular cells
Associated with MEN 2a or 2b
Spindle cells produce calcitonin + serotonin causing diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe anaplastic thyroid cancer

A

Altered cells unlike normal ells
Pleomorphic giant cells
Most aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dx of thyroid cancer

A

US
Increased calcitonin
Radioiodine scan
FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanism of neuroblastoma

A

common in <5 y/o
Arises from neural crest cells - don’t differentiate
Arise in adrenal gland
3 types: undifferentiated (small blue cells), poorly differentiated + differentiated (Schwannian stroma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S+S of neuroblastoma

A

Fever, wt loss, sweating, fatigue
Large, painful abdo mass
Mets causing basal skull fractures = racoon eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dx of neuroblastoma

A

HMA + VMA increased

CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tx of neuroblastoma

A

Surgery + chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe PNETS

A

Linked to MEN 1
Non functional - cause jaundice, asymptomatic
Functional - insulinoma or gastrinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe a gastrinoma

A

Increased gastrin = Zollinger Ellison syndrome

Peptic ulcers + steatorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mechansim of carcinoid syndrome

A

Cancers arising from neuroendocrine cells - tumors in GI tract, lung + ovaries + liver mets
Produce serotonin, histamine, bradykinin + prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S+S of carcinoid syndrome

A 
Itching
Diarrhea
Flushing 
SOB 
Pulmonary stenosis 
Serotonin = pellagra + bronchoconstriction

WORSENED by alcohol or stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dx + Tx of carcinoid syndrome

A

CT or octreoscan

Surgery or chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe MEN 1

A

Parathyroid, pancreatic + pituitary tumors
Parathyroid = increased calcium
Pancreatic = increased gastrin (ulcers), insulin (hypoglycaemia) or glucagon (hyperglycaemia)
Pituitary adenomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe MEN 2a

A

Thyroid medullary, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma

Thyroid = increased calcitonin
Pheo = increased adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe MEN 2b

A

Thyroid medullary, pheochromocytoma + neuromas

Neuromas = skin, mouth, tongue, lips etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Whipple’s triad?

A

Hypoglycaemia with fasting or exercise
Reversal of S+S with glucose
Low BM

Means there is an insulinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dx of Zollinger Ellison

A

Increased gastrin after secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Peutz Jeghers syndrome

A

Auto dominant
Polyps in GI tract can lead to colon cancer + increased risk of breast, pancreatic, lung, ovaries + testes
Also causes melanotic macules on mouth, lips + gentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe juvenile polyposis syndrome

A

Develop hamartomas - sessile or pedunculated

Also causes hypotonia + macrocephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanism of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A 
Inflammation causing fibrosis + dilation of bile ducts
Looks like beading 
Onion skin on histology
Associated with IBD 
Increased IgM + pANCA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S+S of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

Bile in blood causing pruritis, increased conjugated bilirubin + increased ALP + GGT

24
Q

Dx + Tx of primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

ERCP + liver transplant

25
Mechanism of haemochromatosis
``` Primary = hereditary Secondary = too many transfusions ``` Too much iron absorbed, causing iron deposits in liver that produce free radicals Cause fibrosis + cirrhosis, T1DM, malabsorption, cardiomyopathy, joint disease, bronzed skin + gonadal dysfunction
26
Lab results for haemochromotosis
High ferritin, transferrin + iron | Low TIBC
27
Dx of haemochromotosis
Liver biopsy
28
Tx of haemochromotosis
Phlebotomy + deferoxamine
29
Mechanism of Wilsons disease
Failure to excrete excess copper in bile or urine Causes deposits in tissues; Brain = basal ganglia causing movement disorder or in cerebral cortex causing dementia Cornea = Kaiser Fleischer rings Liver - hepatitis / cirrhosis (1st presentation in kids)
30
Dx + Tx of Wilsons
Dx = reduced ceruloplasmin, increased copper in urine | Tx with copper chelators (penicillamine, trientine, zinc)
31
Mechanism of sideroblastic anemia
Build up of iron in RBC causing increase in immature rbc Congenital is X linked Acquired due to excess alcohol, lead poisoning or low B6 (due to isoniazid use) Pappenheimer bodies in mitochondria
32
S+S of sideroblastic anemia
Fatigue, diarrhea, ckd, cirrhosis, heart disease
33
Dx + tx of sideroblastic anemia
Dx = pappenheimer bodies on smear high iron, high ferritin, low TIBC Tx = pyridoxine, thiamine, folic acid, defuroxamine
34
Mechanism of aplastic anemia
Autoimmune destruction of haematopoitic stem cells causing pancytopenia due to chemo, radiation, toxins, EBV, HIV Also due to Fanconi's anemia
35
Dx + Tx of aplastic anemia
``` Dx = increased EPO, decreased reticulocytes, bone marrow biopsy Tx = stem cell transplant or ciclosporin ```
36
Mechanism of G6PD deficiency
Destruction of RBC due to defective G6PD enzymes X linked recessive Protective against malaria due to reduced half life causes hemolytic anemia which is worsened by free radical production from infections, fava beans, soy, quinines
37
S+S of G6PD deficiency
Asymptomatic until times of stress | then jaundice + anemia
38
Dx + Tx of G6PD def
Dx = reduced RBC, increased reticulocytes, increased LDH + bilirubin, decreased haptoglobin Coombs test negative Enzyme assay Tx = hydration + transfusion
39
Describe factor V leidin
Auto dominant, causes vte | dx = PTT shortened or protein C functional assay
40
Mechanism of antiphospholipid syndrome
Autoimmune, associated with SLE Hypercoagulable state causing arterial thrombosis + Libman Sachs endocarditis Also causes CKD, livedo reticularis, miscarriage, neuro S+S
41
Dx + tx of antiphospholipid syndrome
Dx = 1 clinical (hx of thrombosis or pregnancy complications) + 1 lab (presence of anticardiolipin, anti-beta 2 glycoprotein ab or lupus anticoagulant) Tx = aspirin/ warfarin/ heparin
42
Mechanism of ITP
Autoimmune - spleen produces IgG Ab Acute = affects kids after viral infection Chronic = affects women, triggered by hep C, HIV or lupus
43
Tx of ITP
Steroids or IVIG
44
Mechanism of SLE
ANA + | Ag + Ab complex deposits
45
Dx of SLE
4 of 11 criteria: 1) malar rash 2) discoid rash 3) photosensitivity 4) ulcers in mouth/ nose 5) serositis (pleuritis, pericarditis) 6) arthritis 7) renal disease 8) seizures or psychosis 9) haem disease (pancytopenia) 10) ANA + 11) Anti smith, anti-dsDNA, anti-phospholipid
46
S+S of polymyositis
Photosensitive macular rash Mechanics hands Gottron's papules (rough red papules on fingers) Respiratory muscle weakness
47
Dx of polymyositis
ANA + Jo + Anti Mi2 +
48
mechanism of pagets disease of bone
Increased bone remodelling leads to deformities | Can be triggered by measles
49
S+S of Pagets disease of bone
Skull; hearing loss, vision loss | Lumbar spine, pelvis + femur = nerve pain, kyphosis, osteosarcoma
50
Describe osteochondroma
Males <25 Benign Arises from growth plate, forms exostosis Typically metaphysis of long bones
51
Describe giant cell tumor of bone
RF: trauma + radiation Epiphyses of long bones Benign
52
Describe osteoblastoma
Benign | Forms a nidus (collection of vessels, trabeculae, osteoid)
53
Describe osteoid osteoma
Benign Worse at night Produces prostaglandins and causes pain
54
Describe osteosarcoma
Pleomorphic osteoblasts form increased osteoid tissue in metaphyses Common in teens Linked to retinoblastoma + Li-Fraumeni Malignant
55
Describe Ewing's sarcoma
10-20 y/o Malignant Arise from small round blue cells Commonly affects femur and sacrum
56
Describe chondrosarcoma
Malignant Affects elderly Affects pelvis + long bones causes bone pain, swelling and fractures
57
X ray findings for osteochondroma, giant cell tumors, osteosarcoma, ewings sarcoma + chondrosarcoma
``` osteochondroma = exostosis giant cell tumors = soap bubbles osteosarcoma = sun burst + codmans triangle ewings sarcoma = onion skin chondrosarcoma = moth eaten ```

Family Medicine (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions