Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Moralfilosofi och metaetik > PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Perception > Flashcards

PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

The stimulus detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define perception

A

Making “sense” of what are sense tell us; it is the active process of organising this stimulus input and giving it meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensory transduction?

A

The process whereby the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by absolute threshold?

A

The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time, or in other words, the lowest amount of stimulus that is needed for sensory organs to react/cease to react.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Signal Detection theory?

A

This is theory act as a framework to understand how internal and external factors influence one sensitivity to stimuli, more in particular ones sensitivity to a signal (something important) vs distraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a decision criterion, in relation the absolute threshold?

A

Even though absolute thresholds can be a rough estimate of people sensitivity to sensory stimuli, it is inaccurate. This is because people set their own decision criterion, i.e. = a standard of how certain someone must be that a stimulus is present before they will say they can detect it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of the Signal Detection theory?

A

Hit, miss, false alarm and correct rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference threshold? (or the just noticeable difference threshold (JND)

A

The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Weber’s Law?

A

The law states that the difference threshold, or JND, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made. In simpler terms, this means that the greater the intensity of the stimuli, the bigger the difference has to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Weber fraction?

A

The aptitude with which we make discriminations across any given class of stimulus range, for example the weber fraction for kinaesthesis (lifted weights) is 1/50, i.e. you can feel a difference in a weight that weighs 50g and 51g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory adaption?

A

Refers to the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is sensory adaption beneficial for the brain?

A

Sensory adaption leads to a decrease in neural activity for said stimulus, which allows for an increase in sensitivity for other, perhaps more important stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 examples of sensory adaption?

A

Light adaption and dark adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the span wavelengths that the human eye is sensitive to?

A

Wavelengths extending form 700 nanometers (red) down to about 400 nanometers (blue-violet).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the lens of the eye?

A

An elastic structure that becomes thinner to focus on distant objects and thicker to focus on nearly objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the retina?

A

It is a multilayered light-sensitive tissue at the rear of the fluid-filled eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain visual transduction

A

The visual information enters the eye and is reversed by the lens and cast on the retina, which contains the rod and the cone photoreceptor cells. When the sensory information is cast on the retina, the photoreceptorcells transduct the image into nerve impulses through the photopigments. The rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells -> ganglion cells, who’s axon form the optic nerve -> thalamus -> cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rods?

A

Photoreceptorcells that are sensitive to light (500x more sensitive to lights than cones) and function best in dim light. Are primarily black-and white brightness receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cones?

A

Photoreceptorcells that are sensitive to colour that function best in bright illumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Optic nerve?

A

Is made up out of the axons of ganglion cells that send visual information from the eye to the thalamus and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fovea?

A

Small area in the centre of the retina that contains no rods but many densely packed cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Optic disk?

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye which has no receptors, which produces a blind spot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Visual acuity?

A

Our ability to see fine detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Photo-pigments

A

Rods and cones translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called photo-pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dark adaption

A

The progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain how dark adaption works

A

Photopigments are depleted cause by light - cones recover faster than rods but aren’t as light sensitive which means that they aren’t as well fit to produce vision in the dark - after ca 30-40 mins the rods recover and our vision has adapted to the dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are fight pilots advised to wear red glasses or sit in a room with red light?

A

Because rods aren’t as sensitive to red wavelength light -> the photopigments molecules aren’t depleted cause by high illumination, which results in the rods remaining in a state of dark adaption

29
Q

What is Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?

A

Helmholtz theory states that there are 3 types of colour receptor in the retina

30
Q

What are the issues with the trichromatic theory?

A
  1. The theory states that red + green produces yellow, which fails to explain how people who are colourblind and cannot see red and green, can still see yellow 2. Cannot explain the phenomenon of an afterimage (when you look at a flag and see it in reverse when you look away)
31
Q

What is Hering’s opponent-process theory?

A

The theory states that each of the three cone types responds to two different wavelengths. Hering meant that there are a white-black, a yellow-blue and a red-green opponent process. In each of these opponent processes, we code vision as a tension between wavelengths

32
Q

What is the dual-process theory?

A

The theory combines the trichromatic- and opponent-process theories and states that yes, there are 3 types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths (blue, green and red) -> opponent processes occur further along in the visual systems, i.e. in the two types of ganglion cells.

33
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

A type of cell in the primary visual cortex that respond to different types of visual information

34
Q

How do we know that there are feature detectors?

A

Well, Wiesel and Hubel (who won a nobel price for this) did an experiment where they measured neural activity in a cat while it was looking at a rod that was rotating. What they found was that when the rod was at a certain angle, a certain area in the visual cortex had high activity (compared to other angles).

35
Q

What is the visual association cortex?

A

Where features of a visual scene are combined and interpreted in light of our memories and knowledge (i.e. compared to the information in hippocampus)

36
Q

What is parallell processing?

A

When sensory (ex. visual information) is simultaneously processed and interpreted in separate but overlapping regions, in order to perceive the “whole picture”

37
Q

Marr’s computational model?

A

The theory states that vision is a 3 step process: a) primal sketch b) 2D sketch c) 3D sketch (final image). Marr’s theory has been very influential for visual perception.

38
Q

What is Biederman’s recognition-by-components theory?

A

A continuation of Marr’s model - he proposed that objects are made up of 36 basic shapes (geons).

39
Q

Retinotopic mapping?

A

Areas in the retina correspond to different areas in the visual cortex

40
Q

Frequency?

A

The number of sound waves, or cycles, per second

41
Q

Hertz (Hz)?

A

The measure of cycles per second. 1 hertz equals 1 cycle per second.

42
Q

Amplitude?

A

The vertical size of the sound waves - the depth between the peaks and the throughs in the sound wave

43
Q

Decibels (dB)?

A

Measure of the physical pressures that occurs at the eardrum

44
Q

How does auditory transduction work?

A

Transduction of waves into electromechanical neural activity takes place in the hair cells: Movement (sound waves) of basilar membrane ———> stimulates hair cells via bending and shearing action ———> shearing force bends cilia ———> contact with tectorial membrane ———> neural activity/neurotransmitter release.

45
Q

Cochlea?

A

A coiled, snail-shaped fluid-filled structure that contains the auditory receptor cells

46
Q

Basilar membrane?

A

Sheet of tissue that runs its length - is a receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves

47
Q

organ of Corti?

A

Contains thousands of tiny hair cells (the sensory neurons)

48
Q

What is the frequency theory of pitch perception?

A

The theory states that nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave

49
Q

What is the problem with the frequency theory of pitch perception?

A

Neurons are limited in their rate of firing -> individual impulses cannot match sound wave frequencies above 1000 Hz

50
Q

What is the place theory of pitch perception?

A

This theory suggests that the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks and most strongly bends the hair cells serves as frequency coding cue

51
Q

Monotopic mapping?

A

Different areas in the cochlea correspond to different areas in the auditory cortex

52
Q

Conductive hearing loss?

A

Involves problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea

53
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Caused by damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself

54
Q

Gustation?

A

Sense of taste

55
Q

Olfaction?

A

Sense of smell

56
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Small bodies containing taste receptor cells concentrated along the tip, edges and back surface of the tongue

57
Q

Olfactory bulb?

A

Forebrain structure that codes olfactory signals at least in part via the specific area of the olfactory bulb that is excited

58
Q

Pheromones?

A

Chemical signals found in natural body scents

59
Q

Ortonasal olfaction?

A

The sense of smell that comes from odours inhaled up the nostrils from in front of us; orthonasal olfaction is involved in sensing odours in our surroundings and deciding whether or not to ingest something

60
Q

Retronasal olfaction?

A

The sense of odours that come from the mouth; it is heavily involved in the perception of flavour while we are eating and drinking

61
Q

Cutaneous touch?

A

The sense of touch arising from events on the skin surface (incl. temperature and pressure)

62
Q

Proprioception?

A

Sensory input that provides us with information about the layout and movements of our body and limbs

63
Q

Interoceptive touch?

A

The sense of touch arising from receptors inside the body, typically in blood vessels and organs

64
Q

Haptics?

A

The active use of touch and movement to explore objects and surfaces within reach

65
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

Apparatus in the cochlea that contributes especially to the sense of bodily movement, and orientation with respect to gravity; it plays a crucial role in maintaining balance

66
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A

An effect that shows how visual information has an effect on what we hear

67
Q

What is another example of multisensory perceptual interactions?

A

The rubber hand illusion

68
Q

What is synasthesia?

A

“Mixing of senses” i.e. someone who is “unusually good” at association - a clinical condition in which information from one sense channel leads to an automatic sensation in another sense channel

69
Q
A

Moralfilosofi och metaetik (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions