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Moralfilosofi och metaetik > PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Consciousness > Flashcards

PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Visual agnosia?

A

An inability to visually recognise objects

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2
Q

Define consciousness

A

Our moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

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3
Q

What is selective attention?

A

The process that focuses awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others

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4
Q

Controlled processes?

A

The conscious use of attention and effort, has limited capacity, require attention, ex driving

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5
Q

Automatic processes?

A

Can be performed without conscious awareness or effort, no capacity limitation, very hard to modify when learned, for example walking

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6
Q

Divided attention?

A

The ability to respons, seemingly simultaneously to multiple tasks or demands, i.e. multitasking

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7
Q

What is blindsight?

A

A condition where people are blind in a part of their visual field yet in special tests respond to stimuli in that field despite reporting that they cannot see those stimuli

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8
Q

What is consciousness as global workspace?

A

Consciousness is a global workspace that represents the unified activity of multiple modules in different areas of the brain

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9
Q

Define attention

A

The process of concentrating on some feature(s) of the environment to the possible exclusion of others

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10
Q

What is the Cocktail Party phenomenon? (Collin Cherry)

A

The phenomenon refers to both our ability to focus our attention on one conversation out of many, but especially describes the phenomenon of switching our attention when you hear you name

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11
Q

What is Broadbent’s Filter Model?

A

Broadbent meant that there is a filter at the entrance of the information processing system. He meant that selection is based on the physical characteristics of the stimulus, that selection is made before the meaning of the stimuli is processed

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12
Q

What are the parts of Broadbent’s Filter Model?

A

Sensory memory = hold information for a fraction of a second and then transfer it to filter
Filter = based on physical characteristic filters information and sends it to the detector
Detector = processes the information, processes meaning, output of detector is sent to STM

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13
Q

What is Treisman’s Attenuation Model?

A

A critique of Broadbent’s model that stated that some words are more important than others:
If someone all of a sudden says “Amelia” at a party my attentions shifts - meaning that some words “stick out” more than others. Treisman meant that the activation threshold is lower for some words compared to others, meaning that for example my name has a lower threshold compared to “book” (mental dictionary)

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14
Q

What is Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Model?

A

This model states that you process everything and then attend to it, that you process the meaning and then select. According to this model information is selected based on its relevance at the time.

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15
Q

Define selective attention

A

Maintaining a focus on attention on a specific item even when faced with alternatives and distractions

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16
Q

What is feature integration theory?

A
  • Parallel processing/simple feature search = Find the white square among the black circles
  • Serial Processing/conjunction search = Find the white square among the white circles and black squares
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17
Q

What is automaticity?

A

Automaticity is when a controlled process, through practice, becomes automatic

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18
Q

What is a factor that influences once abaility for divided attention?

A

Similarity - it’s hard to do two tasks at the same time that are similar

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19
Q

What is endogenous control?

A

Endogenous attention = voluntary attention

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20
Q

What is exogenous control?

A

Exogenous attention = reflexive attention

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21
Q

Inattentional blindness?

A

When our attentions is focused on a sequence of events, that we miss another event, incapability to detect an unexpected object
Example: Gorilla in our midst

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22
Q

Change blindness?

A

Failure to detect changes in the visual environment.
Example: Experimenter switch in the middle of pedestrian giving directions

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23
Q

Circadian rhythms?

A

Daily biological cycles

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24
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)?

A

Nuclei that regulate most circadian rhythms

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25
Q

Melatonin?

A

Hormone that has a relaxing effect on the body

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26
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A

A cyclic tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain seasons of the year

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27
Q

Beta waves?

A

The activity shown in the brain when you are awake and alert

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28
Q

Alpha waves?

A

The slower activity shown in the brain when we are feeling relaxed and drowsy

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29
Q

Delta waves?

A

Very regular, slow (0.5 to 2 cps) and large brain waves that appear as the sleeper moves into stage 3 of sleep

30
Q

Slow-wave sleep?

A

Stage 3 and 4 together

31
Q

REM sleep?

A

Stage of sleep characterised by rapid eye movements, high arousal and frequent dreaming

32
Q

REM sleep paralysis?

A

During REM sleep the brain sends signals that make it more difficult for voluntary muscles to contract -> muscles relaxed, i.e. paralysed

33
Q

What is the restoration model?

A

It states that sleep recharges our run-down bodies, and allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue

34
Q

What are evolutionary/circadian sleep models?

A

Models of sleep that focus on the position that sleep’s main purpose is to increase a species’ chances of survival in relation to its environmental demands

35
Q

Which brain-process does it seem that REM-sleep helps with?

A

Memory consolidation = a gradual process by which the brain transfers information into LTM

36
Q

Insomnia?

A

Chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep o experiencing restful sleep

37
Q

Narcolepsy?

A

Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks that may last from less than a minute to an hour

38
Q

REM-sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)?

A

A disorders in which the loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-sleep paralysis is absent

39
Q

Night terrors?

A

Frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a state of near-panic

40
Q

Sleep apnoea?

A

The repeated stopping and restarting of breathing during sleep

41
Q

Activation-synthesis theory?

A

States that dreams do not serve any particular function - they are merely a by-product of REM neural activity

42
Q

Problem-solving dream models?

A

State that, because dreams are not constrained by reality, they can help us find creative solutions to our problems and ongoing concerns

43
Q

Cognitive-process dream theories?

A

Theories that propose that dreaming and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems in the brain

44
Q

Neuromodulator?

A

A specific group of neurotransmitters that have a widespread and generalised influence on synaptic transmission

45
Q

Agonist?

A

Excitatory drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter

46
Q

Antagonist?

A

Inhibitory drug that inhibits or decreases the activity of a neurotransmitter

47
Q

Substance dependence?

A

Maladaptive pattern of substance use that causes a person significant distress or substantially impairs that person’s life, i.e. drug addiction

48
Q

Depressants?

A

Decrease nervous system activity, ex alcohol

49
Q

Alcohol myopia?

A

Short-sighted thinking caused by the inability to pay attention to as much information as when sober

50
Q

Stimulants?

A

Increase neural firing and arouse the nervous system, ex amphetamines (=increase dopamine and noradrenaline activity), cocaine, ecstasy

51
Q

Cocaine?

A

Increases the activity of noradrenaline and dopamine by blocking their re-uptake

52
Q

Ecstasy (MDSM)?

A

Is artificially synthesised and is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, that primarily increases serotonin functioning. When the drug has worn off you feel depressed caused by serotonin depletion

53
Q

Opiates?

A

They stimulate receptors normally activated by endorphines, thereby producing pain relief + increase dopamine activity, which may be why they induce euphoria, ex: opium, morphin, codeine and heroin

54
Q

Hallucinogens?

A

Drugs that produce hallucinations, ex LSD and marijuna. LSD causes a flooding of excitation in the nervous system, it increases the activity of serotonin and dopamine at certain receptor sites, but still unclear exactly how LSD works

55
Q

Marijuna?

A

Drug which main ingredient is THC which binds to receptors on neurons throughout the brain. THC -> cannabinoids -> GABA (inhibitory)

56
Q

Define hypnosis

A

A state of consciousness involving focus attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterised by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion

57
Q

Hypnotic susceptibility scales?

A

A standard series of pass-fail suggestions that are read to a subject after a hypnotic induction

58
Q

Dissociation theories?

A

Theories that view hypnosis as an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness

59
Q

Social cognitive theories?

A

Theories which propose that hypnotic experience result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotised

60
Q

What is “the problem of other minds”?

A

How can we know that other people are conscious?

61
Q

What is the hard problem, i.e. the explanatory gap?

A

How come two people can get the same pain impulse and still rate it differently?

62
Q

What is Qualia?

A

Refer to the subjective, first-person experiences or the “felt” qualities of conscious experience

63
Q

What is the problem with Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCC)?

A

An epistemological problem where it is uncertain how we can gain knowledge of the neural basis of consciousness

64
Q

What is the conclusion of Mary’s Room?

A

Neuropsychology is incomplete

65
Q

Cognitive closure?

A

States that we are incapable cognitively to understand the mind-body problem

66
Q

What is the Eliza effect?

A

It is when you wrongfully attribute human qualities to AI

67
Q

What are the 4 parts of consciousness?

A
  1. Subjective 2. Dynamic 3. Self-reflecting 4. Selective attention
68
Q

What is the global workspace theory?

A

An analogy of attention

69
Q

How long are our sleep cycles?

A

90 mins

70
Q

Somnambulism?

A

= sleepwalking

71
Q

What is the activation-synthesis theory?

A

This theory states that dreams are simply a bi-product of random REM-activity

Moralfilosofi och metaetik (12 decks)

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